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sist
international association for social science
Information service and technology
■ ■association Internationale pour les
services et techniques d'i n f orm a t I o n en
sciences soclales
NEWSLETTER
VOL. 2, NO- 1, WINTER 1978
page
EDITOEIAl INFORMATION 1
EDITORIAL COMMENT 2
THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER NETWORKING ON THE SOCIAL SCIENCE
DATA LIBRARY 3
References ..... ...... ...13
RESODECE SHARING THROUGH NETWORKS: PROBLEMS IND
POTENTIALS FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCE COMMUNITY . . 14
References 18
THE NETWORK-BASED SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY ECONOMIC CLIMATE
AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE .... 19
ACTION GROUP REPORTS 23
Action in the Documentation Action Group 23
Data Organization and Management Action Group . . 23
Action Group on Process-Produced Data .24
NEWS AND NOTES 26
lASSIST News 26
Chairperson's Report- February 8-11, 1978 ... 26
1979 North American lASSIST Conference .... 26
IASSIST Europe 27
Organizational Reports 27
UNISIST/Social Science Information .-..-. 27
Regional Databases for Automated Cartography . 27
Educational and Research Opportunities 28
Micro Data Collection Methods in Economics .. .. 28
Norwegian Social Science Data Services - • - . 28
SSRC iBritain) Visiting Fellowship, 1978-79 . . 28
ICPSR Summer Program .-.„-. ...28
Position Announcements 29
Programmer/Analyst ,-,-. 29
lASSIST STEERING COMMITTEE . . 30
V
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1973)
EDITORIAL INFORMATION
on
data ^^v-..^.^-., — -- -^ — .-- r-T . . _^-
on activities related to the production, acquisition, preservation, proc-
essing, distribution, and use of machine-readable data carried out be its
members and others in the international social science community. Your
contributions and suggestions for topics of interest are encouragea and
welcomed. The views set forth by authors of articles contained in this
publication are not necessarily those of lASSIST.
Information for Authors
The Newsletter is published tour times yearly, as Winter, Sp
mer, ana FalT issues. Substantive articles are rerereed. Ar
other information should be typewritten and doublespaced. Ea
the manuscript should be numbered. The first page snould conta
tide title, author's name, affiliation, address to which corr
should be sent, and telephone number. An author should NOT pi
her name on the manuscript itself. The second page should cont
stract of 100 to 200 words. Authors are requfested to follow th
tions given by the "Publication Manual" of Che American Psvchol
sociation. Other material for inclusion in the Newsletter
completely identified by name, address, and telephone numoer..
try is an announcement of a conference, training session, or
the notice should include a mailing address and telephone numb
director of the event, or of the organization sponsoring the ev
notices and reviews may not exceed two, double-spaced, typewrit
Manuscripts should be submitted in duplicate to the Editor:
Thomas Wm. Madron
Academic Computing and Research Services
2U5 Grise Hall
Western Kentucky University
Bowling Green, Ky. U2101, DSA
Telephone: (502) 7U5-4981
ring, Sam-
ticles and
ch page of
in the ar-
espondence
ace his or
ain an ab-
e instruc-
ogical As-
should be
If the en-
the like,
er for the
ent. Book
ten pages-
This publication is prepared with an automatic
ting system (CHS editor, Waterloo SCRIPT,
text-editing and format-
r^, on an I3M 370/165). Manu-
scripts may Be submitted in machine readable form on 9-track, 800, 1600,
or 62 50 3PI tape written in EBCDIC, Because we allow automatic hyphena-
tion, a very small percentage of hyphenated words may be broken in an un-
usual manner. lASSIST Newsletter volume 2, Number 1, Winter, 1978. Pub-
lished quarterly Ey fHe International Association for Social science
Information Service and Technology (lASSIST) .
Key Title:
Newsletter - International Association for
Science Information Service and Technology
Social
ISSN
United States: 0145-238X
Copyright
©1978 by lASSIST.
- 1 -
All rights reserved.
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
EDITORIAL COMMENT
T
year
News
Ilea
Ms.
of W
firm
and
gan
form
begi
puBl
tor
tion
cere
tlie
year
his i
of pu
letter
fion,
Al ice
iscons
found
also p
for t
ation
nning
icatio
and th
have
desi
high s
by Al
ssue b
blicati
The
under
Bobbin
in, Ha
ation f
rovided
he dis
within
of th
howe
e forma
changed
re to
tandard
ice.
egm
on
firs
the
of
diso
or t
a m
semi
lASS
e se
ver,
t o
upho
s se
s the
of the
t year
edito
the Un
n, pr
he pub
uch ne
nation
IST-
cond
both
f the
It is
Id and
t in t
se
IAS
of
rshi
iver
ovid
lica
eded
of
With
year
the
publ
my
ex
he f
cond
SIST
pub-
p of
sity
ed a
tion
or-
in-
the
of
edi-
ica-
sin-
tend
irst
On
in f o
the d
here,
produ
ditio
at th
A tex
the
Netwo
Scrip
the p
are i
ing p
m m
netic
delig
enter
Es
of Vo
Newsl
pu5ir
as we
est t
exten
time
tion
go ou
reaso
tide
net wo
from
SIST
year,
prese
vide
tion
e of
rmat
ouble
T
ces a
n of
e sa
t edi
Kentu
rk (
t) IS
ublic
ntrod
apers
achin
tape
hted
ed US
pecia
lume
etter
caEio
11 as
o IAS
ds t
probl
:o s
; unt
i I h
;--al
:ks
5aper
;onf e
the
fro
col
he d
pub
a ma
me t
ting
cky
CMS
use
atio
ucin
or
e re
"to
ing
wa
n of
pro
SIST
hat
ems
ubmi
il t
ave
1 Q
and
s gi
renc
Ke h
in
info
ough
ican
obv
m th
umn
oubl
lica
gazi
ime
sy
Educ
Eait
d to
n,
g IS
oth
adab
In f
have
Scri
with
t wa
s mo
sub
vidi
mem
tren
this
t ar
his
sel
eali
ne
ven
e in
ope
this
rmat
t c
t im
lOUS
e fi
style
e CO
tion
ne or
cons
stem
ation
or a
ente
One i
tha
er c
ie f
act ,
^Pap
pt CO
the
s cle
ving
stant
ng ne
bers.
d.
imp!
tide
issue
ected
ng wi
twork
at t
Febr
that
issu
ion
oncer
porta
ait
rst
ill
lumn
in
jou
erve
aval
al
nd
r an
nnov
t of
ontr
orm
I
ers
mman
fere
year
ustr
la
the
rnal
s pa
labl
Comp
Sate
d f o
atio
ace
ibut
on
woul
air
ds.
nces
is
ated
yout
tra-
and
per .
e on
uter
rloo
rmat
n we
ept-
ions
mag-
d Be
eady
fourth
ar th
t o w a r
ive ar
ws of
This
Becau
icit i
cou
Fo
sever
th CO
ing--d
he 197
uary o
the ar
e wil
and st
ning a
nee t
issue
at the
d the
tides
inter-
issue
se of
nvita-
Id not
r that
al ar-
mputer
erived
8 lAS-
f this
tides
1 pro-
imula-
n area
o our
ted
ome
f th
of signif
enterprise
The term "network," as used by
those of us who use computers, may
refer to communications networks,
computer networks, or both. The
papers in this issue are directed
primarily toward computer networks
although many allusions are made to
the communications networks on
which the computers rely.
What are computer networks? One
common
8 uter
ne or
users
work .
main-s
and/or
Genera
munica
withou
networ
munica
ly use
net wo
more
via so
The c
ite,
remo
liy it
tions
t com
ks can
tions
d defin
rk is
comput
me com
omputer
or h
te com
may be
ne two
puters,
not exi
network
itio
the
ers
muni
s ma
ost
puti
sa
rks
b
st
n of a
follow
accesse
cations
y consis
comput
ng syst
id that
can e
ut comp
without
com-
inq:
d By
net-
t of
ers,
ems.
com-
xist
uter
com-
I
atte
char
port
esta
netw
the
on t
The
sour
espe
comra
Borm
eval
soci
base
n the f
mpt to
acterist
unities
blishmen
orks.
impact
he socia
problems
ca shar
ciaiiy f
unity,
an .
uates th
al struc
d scient
ollow
expl
ics,
prov
t and
Alic
of CO
1 sci
and
ing
or t
is di
And
e eco
ture
if ic
ing pa
ore s
proble
ided
use
e Robb
mputer
ence d
poten
taroug
he soc
scusse
Richar
nomic
in t
commun
ges we
ome of
ms, an
through
of com
in exp
netwo
ata lib
tials o
h netw
iai sc
d by Lo
d Roist
climat
he net
ity.
will
the
d op-
the
uter
ores
rking
rar y.
f re-
orks,
ience
raine
acher
e and
work-
While att
the inclusio
articles,
that the Ne
means of com
members arou
suit, the N
to provide s
Reports and
around the
ution to t
Newsletter w
aEear — If,
pecially lik
are attempti
letter, plea
loolcing rorw
Newsletter i
empting t
n of mor
we have
wsietter
municafio
nd the wo
ewsletter
pace for
for News
world.
hese seg
ill be gr
for any r
e, or dis
ng to do
se write
ard to wo
n 1978.
not
is
ns f
rid.
wil
Act
and
Your
ment
eatl
easo
like
with
or c
rkin
ove
ubst
for
a p
or 1
As
1 CO
ion
Note
CO
s o
y ap
n, y
, w
the
all.
g wi
toward
antive
gotten
rimary
ASSIST
a re-
ntinue
Group
s from
ntrib-
f the
preci-
ou es-
hat we
News-
T am
th the
Substantive papers and book re-
views will be accepted throughout
the year and scheduled for publica-
tion as space becomes available.
Material for "News and Notes" and
"Action Group Reports" should con-
form to the following deadlines for
the June, September, and December
issues:
May 15, 1978 (June)
August 15, 1978 (September)
November 15 (December)
Material received after these dead-
lines will be held for the next is-
sue, providing the notices are not
time dependent. Your help in ob-
serving these deadlines will be ap-
preciated.
T-W-H.
- 2 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER NETW0BKINf5 ON THE SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA LIBRARY
Alice Robbin
University of Hiscor.sin - Madison
ABSTRACT
This paper explores the factors which have constrained the social sci-
ence data library's participation in the use of computer networks as a
vehicle for accessing information. It also suggests why changes in the
situation can be expected and further suggests some of the ways that com-
puter network resource sharing will affect the social science data li-
brary structure and services.
data and computations, sharing re-
sources, and providing information
services" (EDUCOM, 1973). At the
INTRODUCTION same time, there continue to be a
number of factors which constrain
Traditional libraries are expe- the development of network resource
rienced in meeting information sharing and information servicing,
needs and in coordinating activi- These factors include:
ties among users. Computer tech-
nology has made it possible for the 1. technical considerations,
traditional library to service the which revolve around
user more quickly and (many enthu- processor configuration,
siasts of on-line data bases would software and communica-
add) more complicated than when the tions (Davis, 1972);
reference librarian relied on man-
ual methods for searching and re- 2. financial considerations,
trieving information. Computer which involve the nature,
technology has made it possible for size and distribution of
traditional libraries to avoid some monetary support;
costly duplication of human and
technical resources. 3. organizational and polit-
ical considerations.
While the traditional library is which include the struc-
a relative novice to computer tech- turing of the network,
nology the social science data provision and nature of
service organization (data library services, monitoring of
or data archive) has been linked to performance, source and
the computer and modern technologi- distribution oi authority
cal developments by the very nature and responsibility (Da-
of the medium of its collection, vis. 1972), degree of
machine readable data. The social control at the network
science data library, while tied to level and local level,
advanced technology, has continued and integration of the
to use traditional means for locat- local efrort into na-
ing, transferring and accessing ma- tional network efforts
chine readable data files fMRDFl (EDUCOM, 1973);
and for communicating its needs ana
coordinating activities related to U. legal considerations,
MRDF. Moreover, the social science which involve federal and
data library has neither benefited state legislative re-
from the set of experiences of the strictions, which at the
traditional libraries in resource federal level prohibit
sharing within a networking envi- monopolies and restraint
ronment nor utilized network com- of trade (Clavton Act of
puters to share resources and ex- 1914) and protect the use
pertise and to cooperate for more of communications serv-
efficient allocation of resources. ices as a public utility
(Federal Communications
Act of 1934, and Neumann,
1973) , and which at the
CONSTRAINTS IM THE USE OF state level are designed
CDH7IJTEt^N~T¥glKTNG to protect the outflow of
B7~7HE lOCIir state dollars for the
IklM^E D5T^ LIBRAII buying of non-state serv-
ices; and.
For several years now, as a
growing number of articles, mono- 5. user considerations,
graphs and books attests, computer which include knowledge
networking has become an "important of user neeas and
mode for remotely gaining access to
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1973)
characteristics, ease of These small centers remain
system access, use and invisible to policy makers and thus
operation, a variety of when decisions are made about com-
services to assist in ef- puter use and about activities
ficient and productive which will involve interaction with
operations, education and centers outside the home institu-
training, and documenta- tions, these centers are never in-
tion. formed.
Even with these constraints, the One of the results of the lack
use of networking by libraries, re- of institutionalization is the per-
searchers and students, particu- ception of these services as non-
larly in the natural sciences, has legitimate and its staff as unpro-
increased during the last several fessional. The staff members are
years. This has not been the case not viewed as professionals by the
for most professional social scien- user community which employs their
tists, who have had little or no services, nor do the staff members
experience in network use, or for perceive themselves as professional
the social science data library, data specialists, although many
whose clientele are social scien- data center personnel are indeed
tists. experts in data processing and han-
dling. Although a staff member may
What accounts for the low level in fact be performing the work of a
of use of computer networks and why reference librarian or information
has there been no network resource specailist who searches and re-
sharing by the social science data trieves selected information upon
library? The reasons are struc- request, as indeed most staff at
tural (the result of political re- local data centers do, that staff
alities and historical accidents) , member usually does not recognize
economic, sociological, and exper- the role he perf orms--t ha t is, can-
ientiai. Structural factors in- not assign a name to the function
elude the lack of data services, of being performed. He usually lacks
institutionalization of the inrorm- a methodology for the tasks he is
ation service at the local level, performing. Professional training
and of professionalization. provides tools and products (re-
sources) , an explanation for the
Efforts at coordination and re- activities performed by certain in-
source sharing have been made at dividuals, and a Metholodogy for
national and international levels, task performance. But. in most
but only minimal efforts have been cases, the data center staff member
made to encourage the development has not been trained as a profes-
of infrastructures at the local sional.
level. Major archives have main-
tained their dominance and have^ Why should the lack of profes-
contrary to public expressions or sionalization affect the use of
support, done little to encourage computer networking and resource
the development of the local data sharing? Reference work implies
center. But, networking depends on knowledge of and understanding of
the creation of local "nodes" and the nature and potential of availa-
without the local effort, national ble information resources. If peo-
networking will not be successful. pie are unaware of resources, they
cannot utilize them. The informa-
Most organizations which provide tion specialist today is made aware
data services are structurally of on-line data resources at the
weak, existing as appendages to one introductory course level and re-
unit of a larger parent organiza- ceives training in informational
tion, rather tnan as an independent (bibliographic) data base creation
unit within the parent organiza- and manipulation. The housekeeping
tion. Hith only tenuous funding and maintenance functions performed
support, the staff must dedicate by libraries are facilitated by a
its efforts to maintaining services networking environment. In other
with a continually eroding funding words, our data services personnel
base. The staff therefore has few are uninformed of the potential use
or no incentives to develop or em- of networking facilities because
ploy networks to communicate with they have not been trained as pro-
information services outside its fessional information specialists,
local environment. In generalj
these data services are small ana Economic reasons also explain
operate on the periphery of comput- why the social science data library
ing activities of their parent or- has made little use or computer
IAS5IST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
structu
sof twar
ineffic
sources
i n e X p e n
the use
tor) h
revise
ter pro
assista
an ext
data,
or crea
anaiyti
ceptabl
sis pro
society
support
patabil
res,
e CO
lent
si ve
ran
ave
docu
gra
nee
enae
proc
ting
c ca
e as
cess
ha
was
ity.
SO
uld
us
Staf
com
d St
had
ment
sup
De
d p
essi
so
pabi
pect
s h
te:
and
that
be wr
e of
f ti
modit
af f (
litt
ation
port
lays,
roces
n g t h
f twar
litie
s of
In ot
ad en
dupl
dela
special
itten,
comput
me has
y , so t
and adm
le ince
/ prov
and bet
as a r
s of
em and
e with
s have
the d a t
her wor
ough m
ication
ys.
purpose
and for
ing re-
been an
hat both
inistra-
ntive to
ide bet-
ter user
esult of
locating
locating
certain
been ac-
a analy-
Qs, tne
oney to
, incom-
Th
commi
techn
purpo
servi
bly b
velop
tangi
proce
mg i
the
user.
which
whose
short
been
gener
port
of p
solve
at a
lecte
forma
vant
diffi
-they
It is
suppl
the t
for e
prese
commu
cient
commu
MR
from
to th
a f e
varia
probl
prima
use.
reali
of tr
his h
are p
the d
guter
le t
unive
compu
side
physi
ganiz
e society has made
tment (investment)
ology for direct
ses, but not for
cing purposes. Tn
ecaase it is far e
measurement tools
bie byproduct than
ss, which informa
s. Products can b
funding agent an
But, informati
rarely offer a "
"product" is rare
time after the
supplied, have be
ate sufficient fu
its intended goal,
articular data
particular proble
particular moment
d from a very larg
tion, most of whic
to the problem,
cult to justify i
must be taken on
difficult to demo
ying information
otal social cost
xample. Althoug
nts a useful te
nicating informa
ly, the resources
nications are not
DF CO
seve
e pop
w to
bles.
ems h
ry c
the
stica
ansmi
ome s
rohib
ata' s
fund
o tha
rsity
ting
the
caliy
ation
llections ra
rai hundred
ulation of th
literally t
Although t
ave not prove
onstraints in
social scient
lly have the
ttmg the in
ite. Transm
itive. Utili
home site r
s which may
t researcher
prohibits
dollar expen
campus. Wh
transfered f
to another.
an
in
appl
inr
is i
asie
to
to
tion
e of
d p
on s
prod
ly v
serv
en u
nds
th
requ
ms,
in t
e se
h is
It
ntan
fait
nstr
will
of r
h ne
chni
tion
to
aval
nge
obse
e 'J.
hous
ecnn
n t
ne
ist
form
issi
zing
equi
be u
bee
the
ditu
en
rom
cos
enormous
computer
icat ions
or mation
s proba-
r to de-
judge a
judge a
ser vic-
fered to
otentiai
er vices,
uct" and
isibie a
ice has
nable to
to sup-
e supply
ired to
required
ime^ se-
t or in-
irrele-
is verv
gibles--
h alone.
ate that
reduce
esearch,
tworking
que for
ef f i-
provide
lable.
in size
rvations
S. , from
ands of
ological
o be the
tworking
does not
ssiblity
ation to
on costs
data at
res com-
na vaiia-
ause his
use of
res out-
ata are
one or-
ts which
are
calc
for
ment
and
data
tion
data
pear
tne
dist
if
made
prod
ment
T
face
to
for
whic
sele
user
the
acce
remo
or ob
ther
quir
acco
er s .
sues
data
more
remo
incu
ulate
proce
ation
over h
is b
in V
prod
s to
cost
ribut
this
, ho
ucer '
rred
(sta
ssing
eadf!
ilied
estme
ucer,
have
of a
ed in
physi
w do
s ca
are
f f an
the
rcell
Th
for
nt i
and
no pr
data
this
cal
we p
iital
fair
d c
r eq
ing
us,
the
ncur
th
oble
fil
fas
tran
rote
izat
ly
ompu
uest
and
the
cap
red
e se
m ju
e wh
hion
sf er
ct
ion
easy to
ter time
, docu-
postage,
buyer of
italiza-
by the
Her ap-
st if ying
en it is
But,
is not
the data
invest-
heor
of
writ
the
h a
cted
data
ssin
te u
lems
e ar
e re
unti
T
an
ev
te a
et ic
it,
e an
CO
d1 us
f ll
uch
wo
g th
ser
ne
e ac
prog
ng s
here
bout
d ho
iden
cces
ally
it
ac
mput
ts c
es
that
uld
e d
wou
ed
coun
ramm
yste
are
who
m
t wh
s ar
, at 1
appear
countin
er bil
osts o
by the
the 1
not be
ata fil
Id. A
to be
ting on
ing of
m of m
philo
should
uch, w
en net
e invol
s qui
g al
ling
f ac
statu
ocal
bill
e,
var
re
es wh
the
ost
sophi
. P^Y
uich
worki
ved.
on the
te easy
gorithm
system
cessing
s of a
user of
ed for
but the
iety of
solved,
i c h re-
current
comput-
cal is-
for the
become
ng and
There are a variety of
ical reasons which expla
social sciences data lib
community has not made u
computer networking and
sharing. In general, the
user community is not p
use electronic means to
formation and communicate
other. Computer networ
requires a moderate f
with computers. Como
while becoming more comm
social sciences, is usual
to one or at most two cou
mester in each discipline
is largely for a class p
an exercise in data hand
information or data m
Although the profession
scientist may from time
frustrated in his inabil
cate MRDF sources, in
relies on his colleague
"invisible college" for i
on sources of data and
themselves. This actio
ates the lack of support
library, since it perpe
fact that the best data a
chived (but if one knows
people, one gets access
rormation) and reside i
hands, and presumes tha
brary staff can provide
sistance in information s
the social scientist.
sociolog-
in why the
rary user
se of the
resource
library 's
repared to
access in-
with each
king still
amiliarity
uter use,
on in the
ly limited
rses a se-
, and use
roject and
ling, not
anagement.
al social
to time be
ity to lo-
general he
s and the
nf ormation
the data
n perpetu-
for a data
tuates the
re not ar-
t h e right
to the in-
n private
t data li-
little as-
eeking for
- 5 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
Re
resou
sense
the
makes
whom
on k
which
the
who a
ratri
EDUCO
bert
tor o
tium
hinise
mariz
with
have
about
thems
lytic
worki
needs
cial
conce
bert
tists
ing,
socio
commu
expla
netwo
and t
what
cial
its u
source sharing
rces are known,
, deemphasizes
invisible colie3
individuals les
they know and
nowii-g informat
are machine bas
assistance of
re specialists
eval. Soni.e yea
M conference, R
(19 73, p. 14 9),
f the Inter-Univ
for Political R
If a political s
ed social scie
regard to r^lRDF;
three needs: (
data, (2) acce
elvjs, and (3)
capaoilities.
ng meet these s
? The discussio
scientists was c
p t of networking
concluaed that
were not ready
Thus, it has be
logical aspects
nity which prov
'or th
which
nation
rking use: lacK
he lack of under
networking is an
scientist could
se.
implies
and
the imp
e, sin
s depenu
more dep
ion res
ed and r
i n te r m e d
m infor
rs ago,
ichard H
former
ersity C
esearch,
cientist
ntists '
He sal
1) mfor
s s to t h
a vaiiabl
Kow coul
ocial s
n group
onfusea
, a n d H
social
for ne
en perha
of the
ide the
low- lev
of expe
standing
d why t
beneiit
that
n this
act of
ce it
ent on
endent
ources
eguire
iaries
mation
at an
of f er-
direc-
onsor-
and
, sum-
needs
d they
mation
e data
e ana-
d n e t -
cience
of so-
by the
or fer-
scien-
t w o r k -
ps the
user
best
el of
rience
about
he so-
f rom
new methods of organizing
and
CHANGES IN ORIENTATION
For
of comp
in netw
must be
izing i
creatin
product
product
must b
standar
order t
and to
ity. A
nomic,
tial fa
will CO
use,
some op
ture s
network
velopme
tion t
require
ment .
velopme
social
ices, (
for des
inf orma
profess
age the
1 1 o n t h
transfe
data
uter
ork
inf
nfor
g an
s.
3 de
e cr
as I
o r
enha
Itho
see
ctor
ntin
rece
timi
ocia
ing
nts
hat
or
Thu
nt o
scie
crib
tion
iona
inf
at
r of
11
net
reso
rast
mati
d u
To
scri
eate
or
etri
nee
ugh
iolo
s de
ue t
nt d
sm i
1 sc
acti
stem
info
gani
s, w
f a
nee
deve
ing
Is a
orma
cost
the
brarie
works
urce 3
r u c t u r
on ser
tilizi
sha
bing t
d.
their
eve th
the p
the St
gical
scribe
o con
eveiop
s war
ience
vities
from
rmatio
zation
e are
n i n f r
data
lopmen
and c
3) re
re nee
tion,
s of
infor
s to
and t
ha ring
es f o
vices
ng inf
re re
he se r
There
produc
e mf
roduct
ructur
and e
d in S
strain
me nts
ranted
data
T
the
n a bo
and
seeinq
astruc
librar
t of s
ontroi
cognit
essary
pr oauc
mation
make use
o engage
, there
r organ-
and for
ormation
sources ,
esources
must be
tion 1 n
ormation
's util-
al, eco-
xperien-
ection 1
network
suggest
for fu-
iibrary
hese de-
recogni-
ut MRDF
manage-
(1) ae-
ture or
y serv-
tandards
iing the
ion that
to m a n -
recogni-
tion and
warrant
managing access to inrormation, and
(5) understanding of various tech-
nological advances which the social
scientist can utilize to access in-
formation and transfer and retrieve
data more efficiently and effec-
tively.
A
that
esse
tent
tion
grow
data
need
ophy
nati
ble,
orde
tial
in vo
comi
pubi
and
cial
Chan
uced
acti
spec
age
Rapi
mote
file
tran
SIS
anal
guir
tent
the
his
thes
ble.
are
the
will
chin
sear
need
suff
retr
and
ess.
cceptance among researchers
secondary analysis of data is
ntial to realizing the full po-
ial of expensive data collec-
has been increasing. The
ing cost of creatinq complex
riles to meet a variety of
s is resulting in a new philos-
that these data represent a
onal resource, publicly availa-
to be widely' disseminated in
r to realize their full potan-
Inter-disciplinary research,
Iving a variety of data, is be-
na of increasing importance for
ic oolicy planning and making
for" sustained analysis of so-
, political and economic
ge. Complex data files prod-
by large-scale data gathering
vities nave induced a need for
ialists who can organize, raan-
and document the information,
d reductions in the cost of re-
ly accessing tnese complex
s is making it unnecessary to
sfer to a local site for analy-
purposed. More sophisticated
ytic techniques are being re-
ed in order to realize tae po-
iai of these complex files, and
social scientist is readjusting
perspective on requiring that
e techniques be locally availa-
The researcner and analyst
finding it necessary to support
creation of structures which
organize a collection of ma-
e readable data, assist the re-
cher in locating data for his
s, and provide the analyst with
icient documentation to make
ieval of statistics possible
to eliminate error in tne proc-
Fail
trie val
recogni
data ri
the man
inf orma
recogni
tity o
very di
possibl
evant
evaluat
ation c
process
etv mus
gies fo
mf orma
society
tion of
ures
ha v
tion
les
ner
tion
tion
f in
f f ic
e, t
bits
e th
olle
its
t Q
r CO
tion
' s r
its
th
need
of
tha
form
ult,
o lo
of
e ju
cted
elf,
evel
llec
whi
ecor
elf.
to
o t h e
Ther
t th
atio
ind
cate
inf
alit
and
an
op r
tmg
ch 1
dkee
nr or
dere
col
be
r CO
e i
e en
n 1
eed
and
orma
V of
* th
d th
at io
an
3 a
ping
matio
d a
lecti
organ
ilect
s a
ormou
s mak
somti
seie
tion
the
e col
at th
nal
d ret
bypro
ana
n re-
growing
ons of
ized in
ions of
growing
s auan-
ing it
mes im-
ct rel-
and to
inf or m-
lection
e soci-
strate-
r ieving
duct of
evalua-
- 6 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
This has led to a reevaluation experienced data handler who has
of the importance of libraries and never paid much attention to the
information services and the grow- quality of documentation and for
ing need for individuals who have whom the invisible college has op-
expertise in information selection erated effectively to maRe it pos-
and retrieval, organization, man- sible to obtain tne data he needed,
agement , dissemination, and docu- This support comes at an appropri-
mentation. The reference function ate time: During the last several
is becoming recognized as a crit- years, data information specialists
icai activity for the supply of in- have been working on guidelines for
formation to the user comraunitv. documenting MRDF, ranging from var-
The individual who serves as a ret- ious types of bibliographic de-
erence librarian for MEDF will in scriptions, products such as cata-
the near future be viewed as a pro- log records, indexes and
fessional. classification schemes and stand-
ardized study descriptions, to file
Support for the establishment of and variable level descriptions,
data libraries is the result of Software, such as the Interchange
recognition of the cost of social file, developed by Roistacher and
research: Data libraries represent Noble (1976), will obviate the ne-
savings in scarce resources with cessity of rewriting codebooks for-
their potential for collecting m matted for different statistical
one location studies which are of software packages. Thus, there is
value to a variety of inaividuals; support in the user community for
providing a systematic description the data professional's concern
of these studies to facilitate lo- about documentation and an apparent
eating and utilizing data re- willingness to accept ti;e recommen-
sources; reducing duplication of dations of these specialists so
purchases; providing centralized that better descriptions of riRDF
expertise in rile creation, proc- will be available,
essing, and description; and, pro-
viding a basis for a data services These developments encourage an
infra structure to facilitate ac- atmosohere in which computer net-
cess to data at a reduced cost worKihg can be accepted as a viable
through memberships in consortia and desirable means to (1) access
and through exchanges, enhance com- information processing services
munications about data resources, outside the local environment, (2)
and lay tne foundation for the de- share resources which will provide
velopment of data information orod- economy of scale or operation to a
ucts to benefit the user community. number of participants of the so-
cial research process, and (3)
Part of the failure in informa- share intellectual resources and
tion transfer and retrieval is due cooperate in joint programs (Rois-
to the lack of standards for docu- tacher, n.d.). NetworKS will pro-
mentation. In general, MRDf docu- vide a mecnanism for more effective
mentation has been poor and biblio- communication, cooperation and co-
graphic control unaeveloped. Sue ordination of information through
Dodd, of the Social Science Data services such as a social science
Library at the University of North data librarv.
Carolina, has commented extensively
on this through the the Classifica-
tion Action Group of lASSIST (1977
a- b, c) as have others involved in THE IMPACT OF NETWORKING
the development of documentation OK THE SOCISI
standards (Nielsen, 1977; Mochmann, SriEUCE CITIJ LIBRARY
1977; and Robbin, 1977). The so-
ciai science data librarian has of- The social science data library
ten been unable to locate files be- is a soecial purpose library or in-
cause no title or producer formation service which has been
statement was provided. Analysts created to respond most directly
do not know how to acknowledge tne and immediately to its special
use of secondary sources of data in clientele, a diverse community of
their publications. Study descrip- users composed of social science
tion providing brief histories of a researchers and students, policy
data rile have never contained ade- planners and analysts. It is lo-
guate descriptions of the data. cated in a variety of settings,
within government, commercial or-
In the past year, however, we ganizations, foundations, and aca-
have seen growing support for docu- demic institutions. The data li-
mentation standards. It is signif- brary may be part of a computer
leant tnat support for documenta- center, a larger library (facii-
tion standards comes not only from ity) , a (general) information cen-
the socia.. scientist who does not ter, a data archive (in the Euro-
have easy or regular access to data pean sense) , a social science
or IS not iinkea to a major iniorm- department, a research institute,
ation network, but also from the
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
market
may be
ganizat
which
(in mos
tunding
stances
may be
ing arr
of spec
may not
brary • s
provisi
(which
expert!
The
closely
activit
vide (e
tents a
ements
library
technic
clien te
els of
and tec
priat e
of the
techn ic
the inf
compreh
materia
collect
ble els
materia
other ,
analysi
the da
agement
quired
tion.
search organi
independent
The orga
library is
ases) the lib
urce, except
en part of it
ported by ex
ements for t
products (w
e a byproduct
gular activit
of specia
be the resu
re
an
ion
the
t c
so
wh
sup
ang
ial
b
re
on
may
se)
coll
as po
ies an
ff icie
nd ret
within
staf
al t
le, w
suDsta
hnical
inform
libra
al as
ormati
ensive
1 desc
ion an
ewhere
is fro
the p
s, an
ta to
and
for th
zati
ser
niza
imbe
rary
in t
s ac
tern
he
hich
of
ies)
It
on , or
vice or-
tion in
dded is
' s major
hose m-
tivities
al fund-
creation
may or
the li-
or the
services
of staff
ectio
ssibl
d is
nt) a
rieva
the
f 's
raini
ho ha
ntive
skil
ation
ry ' s
sista
on.
know
ribed
d
Fa
m one
repar
d the
the
analy
e dat
reflec
e the die
organized
ccess to i
1 of selec
collection
substanti
n g pr o V i
ve differi
, methodo
Is, with
on the c
collecti
nee in ut
The staf
ledye of r
in its re
tentialiy
e transfer
location
ation of d
relation
c o m p u te r a
sis softwa
a in the
t s as
ntele* s
to pro-
ts con-
ted el-
The
ve and
des a
ng lev-
logical
appro-
ontents
on and
ilizing
f has a
esource
f erence
a vaila-
of the
to an-
ata for
ship of
nd man-
re re-
col lee -
The
mber
dium
issio
blish
on 1
d/or
rvice
tiona
y be
velop
llect
ta m
ta a
d rec
nat io
es.
ta 1
ecial
r ized
spons
on o
cessi
d di
on re
data lib
of activi
of its
n." A da
er and pr
n machi
may pr
s much li
1 library
responsic
ment, da
ion, da
anagement
rchiving
ords mana
n, and d
In gener
ibrary wh
purpose
by three
ibie for
n behalf
oning mat
sseminati
guest.
rary
ties
coll
ta 1
oduc
ne
ovid
ke t
T
le f
ta
ta
(or
geme
ata
icn
libr
fun
loc
of
eria
ng t
engag
relate
ection
ibrary
er of
r eadabl
e inr
hat of
he data
or stud
pre para
process
data a
acces
nt, dat
ref eren
howev
respon
ary is
ctions:
ating
its cl
Is it a
hese m
es 1
d to
and
may
info
fe
or ma
the
lib
y de
tion
ing
naly
sion
a di
ce s
er ,
ds a
cha
I
info
lent
cgui
ater
n a
the
its
be a
rma-
f or m
tion
tra-
rary
sigh
and
and
sis ,
ing)
sse-
erv-
the
s a
rac-
t is
rma-
ele ,
res,
ials
The three basic functions of
reference, accessioning and disse-
mination require access to differ-
ent types of inrormation. The ref-
erence function requires access to
information about the existence,
availability and logical structure
of M
requ
abou
iir
soft
file
tena
stru
rela
ture
The
acce
need
rele
tion
RDF.
ires
t t
ical
data
ware
sto
nee,
ctur
tion
to
diss
ss t
s f
vant
of
The a
acce
he his
struct
to man
and
rage,
qual
e and
ship of
the
eminati
o infor
or effi
data f
inforraa
In
is inv
and ma
lar ba
as an
tion a
organi
cializ
for d
used t
ucts .
brary '
ers
potent
It ela
tion
upon r
inform
w h ic h
collec
variet
scribi
resent
about
data
cessf u
manage
tions
which
and ca
format
produc
Stat f
retrie
othe
olve
nage
sis.
inte
nd t
ze i
ed p
ata
0 ge
T
S CO
appr
lall
ssif
to f
eque
atio
it
tion
y of
ng t
ace
dat
reso
1 i
ment
net
per
n su
ion,
e in
tra
ving
r wor
Q in
ment
Th
rmedi
he us
nr orm
resen
resou
nerat
o de
llect
opria
y use
ies t
acili
St.
on
then
Th
info
he CO
ess t
a res
urces
nf orm
req
work
form
pply
o
forma
ined
the
ccession
ss to
tory of
ure, rel
agement
compute
processi
ity of
document
the lo
physical
on funct
mation
cient r
rom a la
tion.
ds, the
inf orma
processe
e dat a
ary betw
er, to
ation t
t or pot
rees wh
e stati
velop th
ion, the
te info
ful dat
he gat he
tate it
The lib
acquire
integr at
e librar
rmation
llection
ools for
ources
t hems el
ation ga
uires a
among o
a simil
each ot
rganizat
tion pr
in elas
inf ormat
ing function
information
the data,
ationship of
and analysis
r hardware,
ng and main-
the logical
ation, and
gical struc-
strueture.
ion requires
about users'
etrieval of
rger collec-
data library
tion seeking
s on a regu-
library acts
een inrorma-
retrieve and
o meet spe-
ential needs
ich will be
stical prod-
a data li-
staff gath-
rmation on
a resourses.
red informa-
s retrieval
rary records
d materials
es into the
y produces a
products de-
, which rep-
information
and for the
ves. Suc-
thering and
communica-
rganizations
ar function
her with in-
ions which
oducts, and
sifying and
ion.
W
pute
mg
br ar
coll
mana
enga
orga
pote
tion
othe
serv
zati
hat
r ne
on t
v 's
ecti
geme
ges,
niza
ntia
ship
r 1
ices
on.
then i
tworki
he soc
st r
on , in
nt
ind
t ions?
1 for
of
nf orma
w i t h i
s th
ng
lal
uctu
form
oces
rela
N
af f
the
tion
n th
ef
nd re
scie
re,
ation
ses i
tions
etwor
ect in
data
and
pa
feet o
source
nee da
ser
seeki
n wai
hip to
king h
g tne
libra
comnu
rent' o
f com-
shar-
ta li-
vices,
ng and
ch it
other
as the
rela-
ry to
tation
rgani-
Networking appears ro indicate a
trend toward 'centralization of
services. The experiences of the
1950 's have shown that centraliza-
tion of services was not cost ef-
fective and has not provided more
effective and better user services;
however, in the last two years, we
have seen a move to centralize or-
ganizations which perform similar
IAS3IST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
services (e.g., the Carter
Administration's efforts to reduce
"inefficiencies" in government by
reorganizing its bureaucracy). The
central computing center appears to
be making an effort to exert con-
trol, both directly and indirectly,
over other organizations which per-
form functions related to comput-
ing. After several years of reas-
sessing its role in the parent
organization, the computing center
appears to be moving toward'ef forts
to centralize computing services
and computation activities within
the Darent organization. It ap-
Eears that the computing center may
e successful in its efforts be-
cause of its size (and budget) and
the mythology of expertise which
the computing center perpetuates.
In an era of continuous inflation,
there are increasing pressures on
the administrators of the parent
organization to maintain existing
facilities which service the larg-
est number of users and require the
largest budgets.
The social science data library,
specializing in assistance to so-
cial scientist who have tradition-
ally not been big users of comput-
ing services, is not able to
generate large-scale support.
Thus, I would predict that as net-
working becomes an integral Dart of
the activities of a computing fa-
cility or large information serv-
ice, data libraries whicr. do not
have strong. independent consti-
tuencies within the parent organi-
zation, will De subtly and not so
subtly pressurea by the parent or-
ganization either to be absorbed by
a computing center or to have its
functions provided by another or-
ganization which is responsible for
information services. It will be
hard to counter the trend toward
centralization of services, espe-
cially because the computing center
provides experience and know how
which are strong arguments for ex-
tending services to a wider market,
one which is covered by a social
science facility like the data li-
brary. But, the trend should be
resisted because it will mean that
special needs of a specialized user
community will most likely go un-
met .
In
the po
comput
ties p
format
frees
in a
data 1
which
and s
Networ
to a c
tion
prin
tent
ing
rovi
ion
the
free
ibra
pro
ervi
king
ompu
whic
ciple, n
ial for
centers
ding com
service
data 11
market
ry can 1
vides th
ces at
, howeve
ting cen
h has
etwor
inde
and o
puter
s.
brary
situ
ook
e be
the 1
r, po
ter ,
opera
king
pena
ther
-rel
Ne
to
atio
for
St
owes
ses
an o
ted
creates
ence for
f acili-
atea in-
tworking
operate
n: The
a seller
products
t rate,
a threat
rganiza-
like a
monopoly, because it affects its
utilization and revenue. Thus, the
computing center will make every
effort to control the outflow or
computing dollars elsewhere.
Ratner than entering into a free
market environment and upgrading
the quality of its services, the
computing center retrenches and be-
gins to exert pressure on the par-
ent organization's policy makers to
stem the flow of money elsewhere.
While it may be impossible to pre-
vent the user commuaity from taking
its money elsewhere, the computing
center may convince adminstrators
to make it difficult or at least
inconvenient through a variety of
bureaucratic measures to buy serv-
ices outside. I would predict that
this is a short term response and
in the long run it will be desira-
ble to develop competitive capabil-
ities which will favor the user by
helping to reduce prices for compa-
rable services and to improve serv-
ice quality and service availabil-
ity ^Neumann, 1973, p. 23). Thus,
I think that in the long run net-
working will free the data librarv
from overwhelming dependence on its
local computing center and at the
same time provide the data library
with better services from its local
computing facility. Protectionism
has never worked to the long term
benefit of the protected — as eco-
nomic history has shown in the last
century .
N
rela
user
work
face
staf
time
ices
tion
suit
comm
syst
rath
for
1973
meth
been
leve
ing
guir
tica
have
prov
lar
Thes
carr
fund
mean
use
for
libr
more
suit
toma
pabi
expe
etw
tio
ed
ba
ati
uni
em
er
fu
a ,
ods
n
Is
is
ing
' I
ide
wit
e
led
ing
tn
or
use
ary
in
/ =i
ted
lit
rti
orking will also affect t
nship between staff a
Most data libraries ha
on a one-to-one, face-t
sis with their users. T
has provided extensive a
>nsuming user support ser
training, tutorial inform
documentation and human co
on, because its us
ty has preferred to use t
on an "as needed basi
than to spend time prepari
tare system use TNeuman
p. 3) and because differe
of user assistance ha
ecessary to meet differe
of expertise. When networ
introduced as a means of a
new information and stati
roducts, the library wi
o extend its resources
services for users unfami
h other operating system
services will probably
out without addition
support. Networking wi
e development of and great
automated interactive too
r support services. Da
staff will probably beco
volved in computers as a r
nd in the development of a
and interactive support c
les (and ironically, t
se required for the
ne
nd
ve
o-
he
nd
V-
a-
n-
er
he
s"
ng
n,
nt
ve
nt
k-
c-
s-
11
to
1-
s.
be
al
11
er
Is
ta
me
- 9 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 {Winter 1978)
development will propel the data duplicatinq a copy of a data file
library toward the computing center each time there has been a request
which has more experience in sys- from outside its local environment,
tems development) . (This is in contrast to a book
loan, where one copy of a book cir-
Networking will make the user culates and there is no need to d u-
community even more aware of the plicate a copy of the book each
necessity for good documentation time a request is made for its
for data, software and operating use.) Other reasons which explain
systems. While documentation has why data have not been distributed
been primarily hard copy, network- on an interlibrary loan basis in-
ing will probably increase the elude the extensive capitalization
trend toward automating instruc- investment that a data library
tion, updating through the termi- makes in developing its collection,
nal. and development of systems di- difficulties in the physical trans-
rectories and catalogs of services fer of data and repeated use of the
and products. medium on which the data are stored
(typically magnetic tape) ; need to
Probably the greatest opportu- prepare a data file in a physical
nity that networking presents for structure compatible with the host
the data library is in the area of environment to avoid additional
retrieval of information about the processing; and, far more human
existence and availability of MRDF, time required to prepare data for
As documentation becomes automated, an external environment. Further-
networking will make it possible to more, it is not yet economically
search for information contained in feasible to transmit data remotely
"on-line data bases" of directories from one site to another because
of data holdings, contents of data transmission speeds are too slow
files, and codebooks and other doc- for the quantity of data typically
umentation for data files located analyzed by the social scientist,
at institutions far away from the and because transmission costs are
local data library. still too high.
Data libraries will have an op- Obtaining a copy of a data file
portunity to participate directly has been the only way that a data
m cooperative ventures to create library increases its collection
data bases containing information (and thereby justifies the number
on the contents of data files which of personnel required to maintain
are located at local data centers. the collection, since quantity is
There will of course be non-trivial always a more tangible measure of
administrative and financial prob- service than quality) „ It has al-
lems to be resolved. But, network- ways been assumed that when a data
ing presents an unprecedented op- file is needed that it must be ac-
portunity to create resources of quired, even when, as in most
utility to a wider user community cases, what the user community does
tnan now served by small local data is prepare a statistical overview
centers and to enhance the quantity of the population in the data file
and quality of information now and prepare some inexpensive, pre-
available. liminary statistical results.
(This is called, "getting a feel
As networking becomes a more ac- ror the data" and most researchers
cepted activity in the generation begin their projects in just this
of statistical products, we can ex- way.) In many cases, the data
pect to see an increasing amount of which are acquired by the data li-
statistical analysis done remotely, brary on behalf of a user and are
although it is doubtful that there reviewed in this manner, are re-
will ever be more remote than local jected as not meeting the user's
access and analysis of data. Re- needs; and the researcher never
mote access to data files will af- completes a detailed analysis of
feet the data library: its collec- the file,
tion, how much time it allocates to
the accessioning process, and how For every data file which is ac-
it (and the user community) pay(s) quired, scarce resources of time
for data which are paysically not and money must be allocated to in-
in the data library's collection. tegrate the file into the collec-
tion. This accessioning process is
At present, a data library's expensive because the data must be
collection grows by acquisition of checked to verify that what is de-
a copy of data archived and main- scribed as its physical structure
tained by other data libraries and actually is and that the descrip-
repositories. It has never really tive materials (documentation) ac-
been feasible for the data library companying the data allow the user
to engage in an interlibrary loan to understand the logical structure
type of data exchange because the of the data and to carry out sta-
library has had to bear the cost of tistical analysis of the file, and
- 10 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
because duplicate copies must be
made to protect the data for future
use.
Thu
plicat
costs
tion
data f
and th
ting d
anothe
discou
sharin
tional
cooper
tensiv
brary
a data
at uios
s, because
e copies
associate
investment
rom one 1
e infeasib
ata remote
r, data 1
raged from
g methods
librarie
ative netw
e investme
in acquiri
file wnic
t a few ti
or
d wi
an
ocat
ilit
ibra
uti
used
s th
orks
nt b
h w
mes.
the need
a data
th capit
d witn
ion to an
y of tra
rom one s
ries Lav
lizing re
by more
rough re
There
y the da
and maint
ill be ac
to du-
f ile ,
aliza-
moving
other,
nsmit-
ite to
e been
source
tradi-
gional
is ex-
ta li-
aining
cessed
In
wouxd
limin
taken
acces
cause
sis w
acces
ferre
attac
for a
distr
could
acces
user
is ac
were
cover
data
distr
costs
charg
avail
cess-
Re
one
data
anoth
cal p
inevi
unf am
data
feren
ducin
vol ve
reque
inevi
indiv
elimi
view
acces
the
resou
tion
acces
a ne
be
ary a
plac
sioni
exte
as in
s of
d to
hed t
ny CO
ibuto
be p
s of
or f o
cesse
to p
ed th
and c
ibuto
to
es i
able
tworki
acquir
nalysi
e or w
ng cou
n a e d a
tenaea
the da
the us
o acce
nsulta
r woul
aid ei
the f i
r each
d.
ay a
e cos
onsuit
r coui
all it
cross
for n
ng envi
e Q only
s oft
hen acq
Id be 1
nd det
Cos
ta cou
er . A
ssing
tion t
J provi
ther fo
le by a
time t
If the
one tin
t of a
ing ass
d ca Ic
s file
all
etwork
ronm
af
he
uisi
usti
aile
t fo
Id b
fee
the
hat
de.
r fi
n in
he d
rem
e f
cces
ista
ulat
s an
data
rem
ent data
ter pre-
data had
tion and
fied be-
d analy-
r remote
e trans-
would be
data and
the data
A fee
r s t time
dividual
ata fiie
ote user
ee wnich
sing the
nee, the
e access
d apply
files
ote ac-
way o
trans
er :
robie
tably
iliar
to b
t com
g sta
d in
St-
tably
iduai
natin
which
sioni
data
rces
whicr.
sed i
access v
f reduc
f e r fro
by elimi
ms of da
occur b
with pr
e access
gut ing
if and
proce
reducing
occur d
copies
g the bu
takes
ng proce
library '
for acce
may be
n the f
la
ing
m on
nat i
ta t
eca u
oduc
ed w
envi
comp
s s i n
tl Dl
ue
of
rden
plac
ss ;
s a
ssio
very
ture
netwo
the
e ii
ng th
ransf
se pe
i ng c
ithin
r onme
uter
g th
e la
to pr
a da
of
e du
and,
lloca
ning
intr
rking is
cost of
brary to
e physi-
er which
ople are
opies of
a dif-
nt ; re-
time iu-
e data
g s which
ocessing
ta file;
data re-
ring the
reducing
tion or
inf orma-
equently
The data library has justified
its information gathering, acguisi-
ton of new materials, ana retrieval
and disseaiination of selectea in-
formation on the basis of the in-
formation's potential use for a va-
riety of individuals in its user
community, a
small part o
utiiizea on a
working makes
the cost of a
from the infor
individual wh
cialized infor
a reassessment
resources for
ment tasks wh
performs on a
lewer resourc
records ma nag
sioning basica
lection, reso
cated to ga
retrieving s
upon request,
tomated' user
which create
which could p
wide variety o
erse user comra
tinuing to
services orie
sc ientist .
Ithough o
f its CO
regular b
it possi
cquiring
mation se
o require
mation an
of the a
inf or mat
ich tne
regular
es are a
ement (w
lly is)
urces can
thering
electea
and to de
support
intor mati
otentiall
f Individ
unities ,
provide
nted to
nly a very
llection is
asis. Net-
ble to shift
information
rvice to the
d the spe-
d to justify
llocation of
ion manaqe-
data library
basis. If
llocated to
hich accBS-
of the col-
be reallo-
inf ormation,
inf or mat ion
veloping au-
capaailities
on products
y benefit a
uals in div-
while con-
specialized
tne social
S
and
rela
form
Comp
tech
will
coram
muni
idlv
sear
mess
will
time
shou
I
fore
tion
tor
not
"cos
over
prod
libr
in t
two
inai
and
bill
coram
data
stjon
is,
a ne
serv
an D
than
der "
ices
seem
tion
plis
on t
get
IS ,
more
ucce
man
tion
atio
uter
nolo
as
unic
ty's
ch f
age
re
id t
ssf u
agem
ship
n
net
gica
sist
at in
n ee
It
or i
in t
ach
Requ
here
1 in
ent
s t
anion
work
1
th
3 ^^
as e
sho
nf or
ne n
eve
est
fore
f ormati
require
o coram
g or
mg is
deveioD
e data"
s and i
f f icien
uld be
mation
etwork
rvone a
and re
be sho
on gathe
s a set
unicate
ganizati
an excel
ment w
library
ts user
tiy and
easier
by placi
system w
t the
sponse
rtened.
ring
or
in-
ons.
lent
hich
in
com-
"?o
hich
same
time
think
e a rea
ship bet
and loca
j ust 1
ting out
head and
uction
ary (and
ne socia
or ganiza
vidual u
have qui
ties to
unities.
librar
d more 1
i n f o r u t
ed-only
ices may
per at ion
in ddva
for an
On t
that m
al plann
hed if r
he basis
evened
some org
than o
that netw
ssessaent o
ween tne da
1 service d
n the tec
" data and
direct CO
and process
t tl u s to t h
1 relation
tions whicn
sers quite
te diifere
their dif
It may
ies will b
ike indivi
ion will be
basis. Thi
be paid f
is perfor
nee with a
ticipated f
he other ha
ore effect
ing can on
esource sha
that "eve
out in the
anizations
thers, but
or Kin
f th
ta di
ata 1
h n i q u
pas
ing
e use
ships
res
diff
nt re
feren
well
eg in
duals
acqu
s mea
or on
med,
"blan
ut ure
nd, i
ive a
ly be
ring
ry thi
end"
will
ove
g will
e rela-
stribu-
ibrar v,
es for
sing on
or data
to the
r) , but
of the
pond to
e r e n 1 1 V
sponsi-
t user
be that
to re-
; that
ired on
n s that
ly when
rather
ket or-
ser V-
t would
nd ra-
a c c o m -
is done
ng will
; that
benefit
r time.
1 1 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol.
No. 1 (Winter 1978)
all organizations will benefit
about the same amount. Information
sharing would argue for its cost
being borne by the largest number
of potential users possible. Cer-
tainly, computer networlcing offer
this possibility.
SUMMARY
This paper presents a cursory
view or the factors which have
nstrained the use of computer
tworking and resource sharing by
e social science data library and
s user community. These factors
e structural (the result of po-
tical realities and nistorical
cidents), economic, sociological
d experiential. These factors
11 continue to constrain network
e. but recent developments sug-
st that we will see greater use
networking by the data library
d social scientists. There is
owing acceptance of secondary
ta, growing costs of creating
mpiex data files, need for spe-
alists who can organize, manage
d document these data, rapid re-
ctions in the cost of remotely
cessing these complex files, rec-
nitioD that collections of data
les need to be organized and well
cumented, reevaluation of the im-
rtance of libraries and informa-
on services, and support for the
tablishment of data libraries,
ese developments would seem to
courage an atmosphere in which
tworking would be accepted and
en as a viable and aesirable
ans to access information proc-
sing services outside the local
environment, share intellectual re-
sources, share resources to provide
economy of operation, and provide a
nechansim for more effective com-
munications, cooperation and coor-
dination of information.
He should not expect to see net-
working affect radical changes in
the structure, services, staffing,
collection and relationships with
other data centers. 3ut, we can
expect that networking will produce
a push toward centralization of
computer-related services within
the parent organization in which
the social science data library is
located, in the future a freer mar-
ket in which to buy computer serv-
ices, more user support services
which are computer-based, greater
demands for library staff expertise
about computing by the user commu-
nity, better documentation of in-
formation materials, interactive
information products whicn describe
the contents of HRDF, remote access
for preliminary statistical analy-
sis of data, the shifting of re-
source support from the library to
the user, fees for services
rendered rather than for services
anticipatea (as memberships in con-
sortia are) , and a reevaluation of
the relationship of data distribu-
tor-archive to the local data li-
brary.
The conclusion is that in gen-
eral computer network and resource
sharing should provide better serv-
ices, although the social science
data library may be integrated into
a larger information services or-
ganization.
12 -
IASSI3T Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
REFERENCES
aiities of
ks tor
Princeton ,
eraniversity
il, inc.. ,
Dodd, Sua. Report of the Joint
United States-Canadian Action
Groups on Classification.
lASSIST Newsletter. 1,2 (1977),
5-TT7
Report of the Joint
Canadian-Uniteds States Action
Groups on Classification.
IASSIST Newsletter. 1,3 (1977),
5-107
The Emerging Priority in
Bringing Bibliographic Control
to Social Science .Machine
Readable Data Files (MRDF) .
IASSIST Newsletter. 1,4 (1977),
tt^th:
EDUCOM. Planning for National
Networking. Proceedings of the
EDUCO;! Sprinq Conference, 1913.
TPrrnce^on7~NJ:~ E'DWCUIJ TEe
Inter university Coaiaunications
Council, Inc. , ' 1973) .
Hofferbert, Richard. Networks and
Disciplines. CoEmou Themes and
Concensus; Report ang
Ciscussion oT worlcsIToFs.
TPrince^on, UJ: 'E^TS'COn, The
Interur. iversity Communications
Council, Inc. , 1973) .
Mochmann, Ekkehard. Information
Access at the Data Item Level.
SIGSOC Bulletin. 6 (2,3).
Neumann, A. J. Review of Network
Management Problems and Issues.
NB3 Technical Note 795.
T^aslTingron , DC: U. H.
Department of Commerce, October
1973) , 22-23.
Network User Information
Support. U., S. Department of
Commerce, December 1973.
Nielsen, Per. Information Access
at the Data File Level:
Documentation Prerequisites on
the File-Level Data Base Inauiry
Process. 3IGS0C Bulletin. '6
(2,3).
Robbin, Alice. Managing
Inforniation Access through
Documentation of the Data Base.
SiGSCC Bulletin. 6 (2,3).
Roistacher, Richard C. The Data
Intercnange File: A First
Report. CAC Document No. 207.
Urbana, IL: The University of
Illinois, 21 June 1976.
and Noble, Barabara B.
Computer Network Support of
Social Research Communities.
Unpublished paper. Urbana, IL;
University or Illinois, n,d.
13
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
RESODRCE SHARING THROUGH NETWORKS: PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS FOR THE
SOCIAL SCIENCE COMMUNITY
Lorraine Borman
Northwestern University
ABSTRACT
T
tive
gene
that
two
purp
to e
user
be t
tool
pone
syst
data
such
need
tent
his
ter
ral
man
mech
ose :
nsur
com
rans
nt
em,
bas
cap
s,
iai
paper
minal
pur£0
y or
anism
1)
CO
munit
mitte
The s
nto
which
e spe
abili
utili
of ti
overviews
s for acce
se user-or
the probl
s: lirst
provide f
ntinuing s
v; and 2)
Q to a tu
econd mech
resource d
would pro
cific tuto
ties, sy
zation of
mesharing
th
ssi
ien
ems
eed
yst
pro
or
ani
ata
vid
rm
ste
inf
net
e utiliz
ng and m
ted info
inheren
an inter
back to
em respo
vide dat
ial ser
sm would
bases
e browsi
g ana d
m design
ormation
works wi
ation
anipu
rmati
t in
actio
the d
nsi ve
a on
ving
be t
acces
ng ca
iagno
will
reso
11 no
of CO
lating
on sys
such u
n moni
esigne
ness t
how th
both
he int
sible
pabili
Stic i
not
urces
t be r
mputer ne
public d
tem. T
se could
tor which
rs of the
o the va
e system
as a lear
reduction
by the c
ties, CO
nguiry fa
be truly
will not
eached.
twor ks
ata bas
he maio
be all
would
inform
rying n
is used
ning a
of a t
omputer
ntext-s
cilitie
respons
occur.
via 1
es th
r pre
eviat
serve
ation
eeds
whic
nd re
utori
info
ensit
s.
ive
and
nterac-
rough a
raise is
ed with
a dual
system
of the
h could
f arence
al com-
rmation
ive and
Without
to user
the po-
INTRODUCTION
Utilization of networking facil-
ities to gain access to large scale
computer systems and to public data
base services has been increasing
rapidly in the Seventies. He
might, in fact, call this period
the age of the data base, with hun-
dreds of data bases being generated
by various agencies for public con-
sumption. The extent and success
of network access to these re-
sources by social scientists may
depend, however, on the unified ef-
forts of computer and information
scientists, educators, psycholo-
gists, linguists, data base produc-
ers, and network operators.
that
nsa-
not
for
cal,
ing-
the
ica-
say
re-
be-
the
osed
re-
data
ers,
rier
e.
Our thesis in thi
while network access
ble for many purpose
grown to its fulles
many reasons, some
but others behaviora
oriented. We will
problems of hardware
tions linkages here
that they are rapi
duced. The icformat
havior and characte
potential user commu
of both experienced
searchers, casual an
base and computer
may, however, be a
to increased and sat
s paper is
is indispe
s, it has
t potential
technologi
1 and learn
not discuss
and commun
except to
dly being
ion seeking
ristics of
nity, comp
and novice
d frequent
system us
greater bar
isfied usag
The sharing of public data
bases, accessed and manipulated by
a general purpose data management
system capable of providing trans-
parent interfaces to specialized
statistical, graphical and report
generation packages, in a network
environment, is the goal. A few
problems immediately come to mind.
The location of the terminal may be
such that the user becomes sepa-
rated from the computing center en-
vironment and from needed user
aids. These may be reference mate-
rials, directories, and specialized
technical documentation, or human
contact with the computer operator,
programmers, consultants, and sub-
ject specialists. Automated system
support should be available m an
interactive mode, or on reguast
from the terminal. The network it-
self can be a useful communication
medium to provide a summary of his-
torical information of interest to
the user.
User supp
active syste
ronment beco
tant. Some
and off-line
phone suppo
mented, in
all operatio
problem are
Neumann (197
prepared for
Standards no
of support c
addressed in
providing s
needed on a
basis, but a
ering the ov
of preservat
storage capa
Neumann cont
interactive
rial design,
copy docum
printing, a
of user fee
areas, tut
feeaback, h
Information
group at th
ort in auto
ms in the n
mes increas
capabilit
instructio
rt have
some degree
nal networ
as, thoug
3, p. 16)
the Nation
tes that "p
apabilities
an integr
upport when
highly ind
t the same
erall syst
ion of pro
city." Maj
inues, sho
language de
integrat
entation a
nd further
dback. T
orial desig
ave been st
Systems a
e Vogelbac
mated
etwor
ingly
ies r
n an
been
, on
ks.
in a
al Bu
roper
need
ated
and
ividu
time
em ec
cessi
or in
uld f
sign,
ion o
nd
explo
wo of
n an
udied
nd S
k Co
inter-
k envi-
impor-
or on-
d tele-
imple-
almost
Several
emerge.
report
reau of
design
s to be
manner ,
where
alistic
consid-
onomics
ng and
terest ,
ocus on
tuto-
f hard
on-line
itation
these
d user
by the
ervices
mputing
- 14
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
Center, Northwestern University.
Tutorial design is closely related
to the problem of computer-aided
instruction. A comment often heard
(Nickerson, 1969, p. 12) and true
to a large extent, is that the need
of the future is not so much for
computer-oriented people as for
people- oriented computers. Neumann
(1973, p. 17) points out that many
authors in the field of man-termi-
nal interaction are still "comput-
er-oriented" people and that there
is a need for inter-disciplinary
efforts including computer science,
linguistics, psychology, and other
human-oriented disciplines. The
balance of this paper will look at
work done at Nortnwestern Univer-
sity in the area of system perform-
ance and user feedback and will
relate tutorials and feedback mech-
anisms to the problem of network
access and resource sharing of pub-
lic data bases.
The first barrier to successful
utilization is the difficulty of
acquiring the necessary knowledge
required to use the system. Marcus
et al. (1971) working with the IN-
TREX system, nave made some general
observations regarding user behav-
ior:
1. Users often fail to no-
tice even the most ex-
plicit instructions.
2. There is not one single
method applicable to all
users.
3. If there are too many in-
structional options, they
are all ignored; the user
prefers to be given in-
structions only when
needed.
4. Users do not like to
spend time in preparation
for system use: they
would rather use the sys-
tem.
ind
5. Users are constrained bi
previous experience
ny training. There is
barrier against learning
anything new.
5. Some users fear the ma-
chine, either because
they think they will ap-
pear foolish, or because
they fear they may damage
the machine (machine
fear) . Some users do not
want to ask for advice
(people fear) .
7. Users are overawed by the
complexity of the system.
and assume they need not
or cannot understand the
system. Such attitudes
impede learning.
The question, though, is how to
translate these generalizations
into a user support system, and
this cannot be accomplished until
the designers of systems know how
the system is being used by the end
user^ which often is quite differ-
ent rrom that envisioned by the de-
signer. Any user-oriented system
must be responsive to the continu-
ally varying needs of the user com-
munity and to the different and
differing levels of familiarity
with the system. Provision must be
included in the network protocols
and the information system to moni-
tor the user/system interactions to
generate feedback to the system de-
signers. Study of such usage data
will enable, when necessary, intel-
ligent redesign of the user/system
interface, and will provide the
necessary data for the development
of the comprehensive on-line tuto-
rials necessary for network access
(Borman and Dominick in progress).
THE USER COHHUNIII
We will define the anticipated
user community of a nationally
available educational network sup-
porting access to social science
oriented public data bases as com-
posed of students, faculty, and
staff of academic and research in-
stitutions. One example of such a
network is EDUNET (EDOCOH, 1976).
Within this community will be expe-
rienced/inexperienced users, cas-
ual/frequent users, program-
ming/nonprogramming users, and
others. The diversity of applica-
tion areas can range from analysis
of voting behavior in a recent
local election to economic fore-
casting based on data gathered na-
' e previous
tionwide and spanning
20 years.
n
THE NETWORK RESOUaCES
We project a network which pro-
vides access to not only public
data bases but which will also
place additional content require-
ments on the data base before it is
accepted as a network resource.
These would include:
1. Comprehensive description
of the data: its general
content, its structure,
and specific variable in-
ana speci
formation
15
I4SSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Hinter 1978)
INSERT VOL. 2, NO. 1, WINTER 1973
page
ELECTION PROCEDDBES AND CONSTITOTIONAL ISSUES 1
CONSTITOION - NOVEMBER, 1976 1
CONSTITUTION - HARCH, 1978 3
PROCEDDBES FOB NOMINATING THE ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE . 5
lASSIST HEMBEBSHIP LIST 6
INSEBT - i
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
ELECTION PHDCEDURES AND CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
Editor's Note
This insert is devoted to the procedures for nominating and electing
officers for lASSIST. when this issue was investigated at the North
American meeting in February it become clear that some constitutional
changes would be necessary in order to have an orderly election process.
Consequently, the appropriate committee, under the leadership of F. M.
Avedon, has made recommendations appropriate for the solution of the
problems. In this insert, therfore, you will find (1) a copy of the cur-
rent constituion; (2) a copy of the proposed constitution with appropri-
ate revisions: and (3) procedures for nominating and electing officers.
Also appended is a current list of the lASSIST membership.
to information centers.
3.4 To promote the development of
proressional standards and en-
courage the establishment of
CONSTITUION - NOVEMBER, 1976 training courses for data cen-
ARTICLE I
ter personnel.
NAME ARTICLE IV
ACTIVITIES
The name of the association shall
be: International Association for To accomplish the objectives of
Social Science Information Service lASSIST the following activities
and Technology, The Associaion will are envisioned:
hereafter be referred to by the
acronym: lASSIST. U.I ACTION GROUPS organized to
find solutions to specific
problems and/or to develop and
ARTICLE II compile relevant materials for
HEAD2U4RTERS
specific projects.
U.2 WORKSHOPS, SEMINARS or TRAIN-
The headquarters of lASSIST will be ING SESSIONS in any area con-
located with the designated treas- sistent with lASSIST objec-
urer. tives stated above.
4.3 NEWSLETTER to be published and
ARTICLE III circulated regularly to all
lASSIST members.
OBJECTIVES
4.4 Any other activities which ad-
The objectives of lASSIST are: vance the Association's objec-
tives.
3. 1 To encourage and support the
establishment at local and na-
tional levels of information ARTICLE V
centers for data base refer-
ence, maintenance, and disse- MEMBERSHIP
mination.
5.1 Anyone interested in support-
3.2 To foster international disse- ing the objectives of lASSIST
mination and exchange of in- may apply for individual vot-
formation on significant de- ing membership.
velopments in information
centers for statistical and 5.2 Other Categories of membership
textual machine- readable data may be instituted by the
bases. Steering Committee.
3.3 To coordinate on an interna- 5.3 Dues will be established by a
tional level programs, pro- majority vote of the Steering
jects. and general procedural Committee.
efforts which provide an in-
ternational forum for the dis-
cussion of problems relating
INSERT - 1
lASSrST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
ARTICLE VI TERMINATION
GOVERNANCE The Association may be dissolved by
a majority of the members. Remain-
The Association shall consist of a ing funds will be transferred to
General Assembly composed of all the International Social Science
voting members and an executive Council.
body to be known as the Steering
Committee. The General Assembly
will establish the general policies TRANSITIONAL NORM
of the Association and elect mem-
bers of the Steering Committee. The The ad hoc Steering Committee will
Steering Committee will implement serve unlil after tae first meeting
policies, develop activities and of the General Assembly, but in any
future directions for the Associa- case not later than December 31,
tion and elect officers. 1978. The ad hoc committee will ar-
range for a regular election to be
5. 1 The General Assembly will be held as soon as possible before
organized by regions which
will be constituted by the
Steering Committee and lASSIST
members within each region
will elect a regional secre-
tary who will serve as the ad-
ministrative officer for that
region.
5.2 The General Assembly will meet
at least once every three
years.
6.3 The Steering Committee shall
be composed of ten members
elected by the General Assem-
bly and the secretaries of ail
approved regions.
6.4 A Nominating Committee of
three members will be ap-
pointed by the Steering Com-
mittee to prepare a slate for
the election for the ten at-
large Steering Committee mem-
bers. Any member who receives
the support of five other mem-
bers may have his name placed
on the ballot.
6.5 Elections will be held by mail
and the ten candidates receiv-
ing the largest number of
votes will be elected.
5.6 The Steering Committee will
elect from among the members
designed by the plenary Gen-
eral Assembly a chairperson,
two vice-chairpersons and a
treasurer and will appoint a
newsletter editor.
ARTICLE VII
AHENDMENTS
Amendments to these statutes may be
proposed by any member with the
support of five signatures. All
amendments will be submitted to the
General Assembly for approval along
with the election ballot. Amend-
ments approved by a majority of the
members voting will be incorporated
in the Constitution.
that date.
INSERT - 2
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
CONSTITUTION - MARCH, 1978
ARTICLE 1 '♦.1 ACTION GROUPS
1 1 NAME Groups of members will be or-
-*- ganized to find solutions to
The name of this organization shall specific problems and to de-
be: INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR velop and compile relevant ma-
SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION SERVICE terials for specific projects.
AND TECHNOLOGY.
1 2 ACRONYM '*.2 WORKSHOPS, SEMINARS, TRAINING
SESSIONS
The ASSOCIATION may be referred to
by the acronym: lASSIST. Members may convene organized
efforts on any subject con-
sistent with lASSIST objec-
ARTICLE II tives,
HEADQUARTERS 4.3 NEHSLETTER
The official headquarters of the A periodical will be published
ASSOCIATION will be located with and regularly circulated to
the treasurer. all members, and others wish-
ing to subscribe.
ARTICLE III 4. U OTHER ACTIVITY
OBJECTIVES The provision of other activi-
ties that advance the objec-
All activities of lASSIST will be tives of the ASSOCIATION, may
based upon the following objec- be offered from time to time.
a. 5 COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANI-
3. 1 To encourage and support es- ZATIONS
tablishment of local and na-
tional information centres for The ASSOCIATION will active!
machine readable data refer-
ence, maintenance, and disse- projects and activities of
mination. other organizations, when
these projects are consistent
3.2 To foster international ex- with lASSIST objectives.
change and dissemination of
information about significant
developments in numeric and ARTICLE V
textual machine readable data
acquisition, archiving, docu- MEMBERSHIP
mentation, and processing.
5. 1 Voting Members - Anyone inter-
3-3 To coordinate international ested in supporting the objec-
programs, projects, and gen- tives of lASSIST may apply for
era! efforts that provide a individual voting membership.
forum for discussion of issues
relating to numeric and tex- 5.2 other Types of Membership
tual machine readable data ar- Other categories of membership
chiving. may be instituted by the Ad-
ministrative Committee.
3.4 To promote the development of
standards for numeric and tex-
tual machine readable data ar- ARTICLE VI
chiving.
DUES
3.5 To encourage educational expe-
riences for personnel engaged Dues will be established by the &d-
in work related to these ob- ministrative Committee.
jecti ves.
ARTICLE IV
ACTIVITIES
ARTICLE VII
GOVERNANCE
7. 1 GENERAL ASSEMBLY
To accomplish the objectives of
lASSIST, the following activities The ASSOCIATION shall consist
will be conducted: of a General Assembly composed
of all voting members. The
INSERT - 3
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Hinter 1978)
Assembly will be organized by Executive Committee will _in-
qeoaraphic regions. elude the President, Vice-
^ ^ ^ President, Archivist/Recorder,
7„ 2 FONCTIONS OF THE GENERAL AS- Treasurer, and Editor of the
SEMBLY NEWSLETTER,
The Assembly will establish
general policies of the ASSO- ARTICLE VIII
CIATION, and elect the members
of the Administrative Commit- ELECTIONS
tee. Each region will in ad- . , ,
dition, elect its own adminis- An ELECTION COMMITTEE will be a p-
trative officer who will be pointed by the Administrative Com-
known as the Regional Secre- mittee, and will include a repre-
tary. sentive from each geographic region
that contains at least 25 or more
7.3 ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE dues paying members of the ASSOCIA-
TION.
The Administrative Committee . , , ,
will be the executive body of The Election Committee shall con-
the ASSOCIATION, and shall be duct an election in each geographic
composed of ten members region for members of the Adminis-
elected by the General Assem- trative Council and the Regional
bly from its membership. The Secretaries. Members within each
composition of the Administra- designated geographic region shall
tive Committee will reflect only be entitled to nominate and
the geographic distribution of vote for the Regional Secretary in
members or the ASSOCIATION. their home region. However, all
The Administrative Committee members will be entitled to nomi-
will also include the Regional nate and vote for the other members
Secretaries. of the Administrative Committee.
7-4 FDNCTIONS OF THE ADMINISTRA- A public call for nominations will
TIVE COMMITTEE be sent out by the Election Commit-
tee. Voting will be conducted by
The Administrative Committee mailed ballot. Elections will be
will implement policies, de- held every three years starting in
velop activities, and future 1978.
directions for the ASSOCIA-
TION. The Administrative Com-
mittee will organize the As- ABTICLE IX
sembly into geographic
regions, and call meetings of AMENDMENTS
the Assembly at least once ev-
ery two years. Amendments may be proposed by any
member with the support of five
7.5 OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION other members. Amendments will be
submitted to the General Assembly
The Administrative Committee for approval. Approval requires a
will elect from among its mem- simple majority of the members vot-
bership, the officers of The ing.
ASSOCIATION: PRESIDENT and
VICE-PRESIDENT. The Adminis-
trative Committee shall also ARTICLE X
appoint a treasurer, archi-
vist/recorder, and an editor BY-LAWS
for the NEWSLETTER- These ~
latter appointments will serve The Administrative Committee may
in an exofficio capacity on propose by-laws to the membership
the Administrative Committee. at any meeting of the General As-
In addition, the Administra- sembly. A simple majority of the
tive Committee will also ap- members voting will constitute ap-
foint a Publications Committee proval of a proposed by-law-
o coordinate all special pub-
lications of the Association,
and an Elections Committee. ARTICLE XI
7.6 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE AD- TERMINATION
MINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE
The ASSOCIATION may be dissolved by
An Executive Committee of the a majority of the members. All
Administrative Committee will property and funds of the ASSOCIA-
be responsible for the conduct TION will be transferred to the In-
of business of the Association ternational Social Science Council
between meetings of the Admin- upon dissolution.
istrative Committee- The
INSERT - U
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol- 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
PROCEDORES FOB NOMINATING THE ADMINISTRATIVE COHHITTEE
Any member in good standing may
nominate as many as 5 persons for
the Administrative Committee, in-
cluding oneself.
All nominations must be accompanied
by the signatures of two members in
good standing and a written state-
ment that the nominee is willing to
stand. These statements should be
received on or by May 15>1978 by:
Dr. G. N. Avedon,
Chairman,
IASSIST Nominating Committee
c/o The Leisure Studies Data
Bank
Department of Recreation
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
N2L 2V5
The Nominating Committee will com-
gile the lists of nominees and mail
allots to the membership by June
^$s 1978- Results of the election
will be announced in August.
NOTE: A member may nominate any
other member of lASSlST regardless
of the region in which the nominee
resides. The composition of The Ad-
ministrative Committee should re-
flect the distribution of members
across regions, thus the Committee
will conduct the election based
upon this principle. Each member
will be entitled to vote for ten
nominees, but only once for each
nominee.
PROCEDDRES FOR NOMINATING REGIONAL
^CRETAITTES'
Nominations for Region
can only be accepted f
in the Region for which
tion is made. If a memb
nominate a member for R
retary within their h
the nominator must send
inating Committee a sta
eating that the nomine
to serve in this capaci
institutional support
this position. The nom
be endorsed by two mem
Region. A ballot for
of Regional Secretari
sent with the ballot
trative Committee nomi
ever, only members of
gion may vote for
secretary.
al Secretary
rom a member
the nomina-
er wishes to
egional Sec-
ome Region,
to the Nom-
tement indi-
e is willing
ty, and has
to undertake
ination must
bers in the
the election
es will be
for Adainis-
nees; how-
the home Re-
a nominated
INSERT - 5
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol- 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
lASSIST HEHBEHSHIP LIST
This list consists of members of lASSIST whose payment for 1977 and/or
1978 has been received by the lASSIST Treasurer as of Harch 3, 1978.
Subscribers to the Newsletter who are not also members are not listed.
HoBinations for any office in lASSIST may be made from this list.
RUE DE BLEUHY, CHAMBHE 110 MONT-
REAL, QUEBEC H2Z 1NU
FREDERICK T. EVEHS SOCIAL SCIENCE
CCHPOTING LABORATORY SOCIAL SCI-
ENCE CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF WEST-
ERN ONTARIO LONDON, ONTARIO N6A
5C2
G.D. EHERT PLANNING SECRETARIAT AL-
BERTA ADVANCED EDUCATION AND
MANPOWER 11160 JASPER AVENUE ED-
MONTON, ALBERTA
TONY FALSETTO MACHINE READABLE AR-
CHIVES PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF CANADA
395 WELLINGTON ST. OTTAWA, ONT.
K1A 0N4
KATHARINE GAVHEL 129 BLACKBURN AVE-
NUE OTTAWA, ONTARIO KIN 8A5
MARK W. GRAESSEH DEPT. OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY ST,
JOHN"S,NFLD. A1C 2Y9
EDWARD H. HANIS SOCIAL SCIENCE COM-
PUTING LABORATORY SOCIAL SCIENCE
CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ON-
TARIO LONDON, ONTARIO N6A 5C2
SHARON E. HENRY DATA CLEARING HOUSE
FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 151 SLA-
TER STREET OTTAWA, ONTARIO KIP
5N1
MARGUERITE JONES 80 GOODRIDGE ST.
ST. JOHN"S, NEWFOUNDLAND A1C 2Y9
GERALD S. KENYON DEAN, FACULTY OF
HUMAN KINETICS AND LEISURE STUD-
IES UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
WATERLOO, ONTARIO N 2L 3G1
MICHAEL KINNEAR 754 CLODTIER DRIVE
ST. NORBERT, MANITOBA H3V 1L2
JAKE KNOPPERS SOCIAL SCIENCE FEDER-
ATION OF CANADA 151 SLATER ST.,
SUITE 415 OTTAWA KIP 5H3
ELAINE KOZAK DATA CLEARING HOUSE
FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 151 SLA-
TER STREET OTTAWA, ONTARIO KIP
5N1
PIERRE LACASSE CENTRE DE RECHERCHE
EN AMENAGEMENT REGIONAL UNIVER-
SITE DE SHERBROOKE SHERBROOKE,
QUEBEC K1K 281
H. K. LAHSEN DEPT. OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FRE-
DERICTON, N. B. E3B 5A3
LISA LASKO INSTIT. FOR BEHAVIOURAL
RESEARCH ADMINISTRATIVE STUDIES
BLDG. YORK UNIVERSITY 4700
KEELE STREET DOWNSVIEW, ONTARIO
MARIE LELIEVRE LEISURE STUDIES DATA
BANK UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
WATERLOO, ONT. N2L 3G1
LOUISE LINDSAY COMPUTING SERVICES
GENERAL STUDIES BLDG. 352 UNI-
VERSITY OF ALBERTA EDMONTON, AL-
BERTA
JOHN MCDONALD 143 ECHO DRIVE, APT.
4 OTTAWA, ONTARIO
S. PAULA MITCHELL SOCIAL SCIENCE
COMPUTING LABORATORY SOCIAL SCI-
ENCE CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF WEST-
ERN ONTARIO LONDON, ONTARIO N6A
5C2
CANADA
ISOBEL ANDERSON DEPT- OF ECONOMICS
AND POLITICAL SCIENCE RM. 808,
ARTS BLDG. UNIVERSITY OF SAS-
KATCHEWAN SASKATOON, SASKATCHE-
WAN S7N OWO
DALE AUBICHON CHIEF, DATA MANAGE-
MENT ANTI-INFLATION BOARD 219
LAUBIER AVE. OTTAWA, ONTARIO
ELLIOTT M. AVEDON LEISURE STUDIES
DATA BANK UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
WATERLOO, ONTARIO N2L 3G1
WILLIAM BELL COMPUTING CENTRE BROCK
UNIVERSITY ST. CATHARINES, ONT.
L2S 3A1
MARILYN BERRY MCPHERSON LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA VICTORIA,
WILLIAM J- BRADLEY ANALYTICAL SERV-
ICES HEALTH AND WELFARE CANADA
1442 BROOKE CLAXTON BLDG. TUN-
NEY"S PASTURE OTTAWA, ONTARIO
K1A 0K9
CAROL BREGAINT CHIEF, LIBRARY DIVI-
SION ADMIN. SERVICES, SECRETARY
OF STATE 130 SLATER STREET OT-
TAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0M5
HYMAN BUHSHTYN DEPT. OF SOCIOLOGY #
ANTHROPOLOGY CARLETON UNIVERSITY
OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1S 5B6
DAVID CANNON MACHINE READABLE AR-
CHIVES PUBLIC ARCHIVES CANADA
395 WELLINGTON ST. OTTAWA, ON-
TARIO K1A 0N3
CLEMENT K-H- CHAN DEPT. OF POLITI-
CAL SCIENCE MCMASTEB UNIVERSTIY
HAMILTON, ONTARIO
SUSAN CHANG SIELS/HKLS UNIVERSITY
OF WATERLOO WATERLOO, ONTARIO
N2L 3G1
MARSHALL CLINTON 122 MILITARY ROAD
ST. JOHN"S, NEWFOUNDLAND A1C
2C9
JOHN COURTNEY DEPT. OF ECONOMICS
AND POLITICAL SCIENCE RM. 808,
ARTS BLDG. UNIVERSITY OF SAS-
KATCHEWAN SASKATOON, SASKATCHE-
WAN S7N OWO
JEAN DE CHANTAL, CENTRE LIBRARIAN
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RE-
SEARCH CENTRE PO BOX 8500 OTTAWA
ONTARIO K1G 3H9
RACHEL DES ROSTERS DATA CLEARING
HOUSE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
151 SLATER STREET OTTAWA, ON-
TARIO KIP 5N1
JOHN DEVRIES DEPT. OF SOCIOLOGY
CARLETON UNIVERSITY OTTAWA, ON-
TARIO K1S 5B6
DONNA DUVALL MACHINE READABLE AR-
CHIVES DIV. PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF
CANADA BOX 4472, POSTAL STATION
"E" OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0 N3
KRYSTYNA W- DYNOWSKI 1271 COLLINS
AVENUE OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1V 6C7
MICHELLE ELLIOTT SORECOM,INC. 1110
INSERT - 6
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
GREGG MORRISON SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA
ARCHIVE DEPT. OF SOCIOLOGY
CARLETON ONIVEBSITY OTTAWA, ON-
TARIO K1S 5B6
HAROLD NAUGHLER HEAD, MACHINE READ-
ABLE ARCHIVES PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF
CANADA 395 WELLINGTON STREET OT-
TAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0 NU
ANNE E. ORAM INSTITOTE FOE BEHAVI-
OURAL RESEARCH YORK UNIVERSITY
ADMIN. STUDIES BLDG- UTOO
STREET DOHNSVIEW, ONTARIO M3J
2R6
BENE PELLETIER 1110 RUE DE BLEURY,
CHAMBRE 110 MONTREAL, QUEBEC H2Z
1N4
GERALD PRODRICK 77U RIVERSIDE DRIVE
LONDON, ONTARIO
JANA PROKOP 130 ST. GEORGE STREET
JOHN P. ROBARTS LIBRARY UNIVER-
SITY OF TORONTO TORONTO, ONTARIO
M5S 1A5
LOENE E. ROWEBOTTOM 2780 ROWATT
STREET, UNIT 27 OTTAWA, ONTARIO
K2B 6P1
LAINE G.M. RUUS DATA LIBRARY, COM-
PUTING CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA 2075 WESBROOK
PLACE VANCOUVER, B.C. V6T 1H5
RICHARD L. SCHNARR 63 LOCKHART AVE-
NUE OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 3R2
HANS G. SCHULTE-ALBEHT SCHOOL OF
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO
LONDON, ONTARIO N6A 5B9
VIVIAN SESSIONS 3U60 PEEL ST., APT.
814 MONTREAL H3A 2 Ml
JEAN SPEAR 47 AYLEN AVENUE OTTAWA,
ONTARIO
T.O. STEWART LEISURE STUDIES DATA
BANK UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
WATERLOO, ONTARIO N2L 3G 1
MARTHA STONE 513 HILSON AVE. OT-
TAWA K 1 Z 6C9
LLOYD WARD DEPT OF SOCIOLOGY BROCK
UNIVERSITY ST. CATHARINES, ONT,
L2S 3A1
RICHARD WOLFE COMPUTING SERVICES
GROUP ONTARIO INSTITUTE FOR
STUDIES IN EDUCATION 525 BLOOR
STREET W. TORONTO, ONTARIO
WANDA YOUNG COLL. OF HOME ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN SAS-
KATOON, SASK. S7N OWO
YUNG NIE ZIA COMPUTING SERVICES
GENERAL STUDIES BLDG. 352 UNI-
VERSITY OF ALBERTA EDMONTON, AL-
BERTA
UNITED STATES
DEPAR
AL
STATI
NE
SANDR
BR
HA
BARBA
MO
BU
MA
BOBER
SA
DORIS
TMENT OF TAXA
BANY, NEW YOR
STICAL OFFIC
W YORK, NEW Y
A AIVANO SOC
ARY BOX 1958
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GRAPHY 3224
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TION AND FINANCE
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INSERT - 8
IA3SIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
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lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
2. References to both bibli- interaction--are written into the
ographic citations and to system based on or ogrammer dic-
previous users of the tates. In actuality, we design and
data base. implement interactive systems bsed
on what we think they should ao,
3. A tutorial, context-ori- rather than on what the user would
ented, developed by the expect them to do.
proaucers of the data
base and reflecting an- Given this situation, and we be-
ticipatory usage. lieve it to be widely true, the
need for a feedback. mechanism be-
lt. Examples of use: re- comes apparent. An interaction
search selection, report- monitor can provide various levels
ing, graphical represent- of information. Some have been im-
ation of the data, etc. plemented to report system-oriented
data: length of session, central
5. The data. processor and peripheral processor
time per search, amount of disk
In addition, the network re- space used, job cost, etc. These
sources would include; 1) an in- data can then be used to evaluate
formation system equipped with an the impact of the system on the to-
interaction monitor and the neces- tal computing environment, on the
sary linkages to process the tuto- use of capabilities within the sys-
rial component of the data base, tem, etc. No monitor has yet been
and 2) a simple and "understanding" implemented to capture data on how
set of access protocols to allow the system is used by various types
the user to enter the network, en- of users with the idea that a fead-
ter the inrormation system data back mechanism would be used to
base, inquire about general inform- both redesign for system efficiency
ation such as charging, scheduling, and usability, and to provide the
news events, etc. information necessary to produce a
context-oriented, data base soe-
cific, learning and reference tuto-
rial.
THE CONCEPT OF USER
TNT:2triCTT0H
HDTTTTDHTTJtJ"
THE 252STI0N OF CAI-TYPE TUTORIALS
All interactive information sys-
tems are originally designed ac- The potential utility of CAI
cording to some pre-established techniques within an information
guidelines. These may include op- system environment is well recog-
timization for updating or search- nized and has been described by
ing or reporting, or ease of ex- Dominick and Borman (1976). The
portability from one hardware potential benefits can include:
installation to another following
the concepts of structured program- 1. Author controlled and
ming and modularity. .^ost will user controlled se-
also proclaim their responsiveness quences.
to the user--that oft cited
phrase--user-oriented. 2. Dynamic instructional
strategies which can ad-
The system designer begins with just to the experience,
preconceptions based on the exist- performance, and informa-
mg literature (almost negligible tion-seeking requirements
in the area of users interacting of individual users,
with numeric data bases and data
management systems; larger, but of- 3. Inclusion of various lev-
ten not more generally useful, re- els of preprogrammed
garding use of bibliographic data spelling algorithms and
bases; and a few industrially ori- synonym recognition which
ented studies of the decision-mak- tend to give users the
ing processes) . The aesigner, is illusion of at least a
more often than not, not a user of minimum amount of system
information systems. Given the intelligence,
varying pressures upon design time
vs. implementation time, design Given these potential benefits,
usually loses. Implementation pro- why have information system tutori-
ceeds, following the dictates of als failed to live up to expecta-
the easiest guiaelines — those con- tions? The problem areas include:
nected with hardware, software, and
economics. The goal of "user-ori- 1. Tutorials function only
ented" is nebulous, so features as stand-alone programs.
such as language, diagnostic mes- Users, interacting with
sages, prompting — everything we the tutorial sequence,
taink of as user/system cannot easily and
- 16 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
4.
immediately transfer
control to the informa-
tion system to try what
they just learned, re-
turning back to the tuto-
rial whenever they en-
counter problems.
Most tutorials provide
only extremely verbose or
extremely terse informa-
tion with minimal user
interaction.
Although many tutorials
employ the concepts of
teaching by example, it
is not clear how effec-
tive such training is if
the examples are not data
base specific.
Most tutorials rely on
user comments concerning
user problems, errors,
etc. to provide feedback
to system designers.
These are not sufficient
to enable knowledgable
evaluation and interface
redesign.
RIQS REMOTE INFORMATION
A
an i
hens
back
the
form
al.,
ern
hens
for
effi
tion
■icl
nte
i ve
m
RIQ
ati
19
Uni
i ve
col
cie
s.
ude:
nitia
racti
tuto
echan
S sy
on Qu
76) .
versi
, au
lecti
ncy
Some
1 at
on m
rial
ism
stem
ery
deve
ty,
toma
ng d
and
temp
onit
sys
is
Syst
lope
con
ted
ata
on
the
t to CO
or, a
tem and
exempli
The Re
em (Bor
d at No
tains a
on-line
both o
user
data c
ordinate
compre-
a feed-
fied in
mote In-
man, et
rthwest-
compre-
aonitor
n system
interac-
ollected
1. name and department of
user
3.
a.
5.
6.
7.
name and size of aata
base
time required for entry
of query
time required to execute
the query
frequency of use of sys-
tem commands and capabil-
ities
and types of
full context of errors
rrequency
errors
Sixty five different elements of
information are gathered for each
2uery and total session. Three
evels on monitoring are provided
to avoid any invasion of data base
privacy or user application pri-
vacy.
THE COMPLEAT TUTOR
I
tuto
proc
RIQS
tori
file
toma
samp
reco
base
othe
tion
T
levi
ousl
brow
sele
prov
one,
brow
data
sele
eral
of t
the
and
Ei"
aval
sen
a sa
T
tuto
user
of
lang
sear
sear
the
to t
and
own
base
base
whic
lect
when
raand
nost
rial
to a
appr
tion
cont
tion
n ad
rial
esso
TUTO
al;
bro
tic
le f
rds,
pa
r f
s.
dition
in the
r has
R is mo
It al
wsmg c
retrie
iie des
tae
ssword
r o n t - e n
to the
form of
been
re than
so prov
apabilit
val and
cription
enf orcem
specif i
d proce
mom
a fr
dev
simpl
ides
ies,
disp
s and
en t o
catio
ssing
tor , a
ont-end
eloped,
y a tu-
public
and au-
lay of
sample
f data
ns and
f unc-
he RI
ate s
y lis
sing,
ctive
ides
rega
se t
base
ction
info
he da
cont
appl
es to
espe
lable
ption
mple
utori
rial
s in
the
uaqe,
ch
ching
inter
he pr
anal
data
F
s, sa
h ill
ive
ever
Th
ics a
and
How
opria
and
ext-s
QSTUTO
ome of
ted.
tutor
ingui
capabi
rdless
hrough
s via
Us
r ma tio
ta bas
ents a
icatio
whic
cially
are
s of t
record
al mod
for
the s
data b
and
strate
Sea
nal li
ocesso
yze da
bases
or eac
mple s
ustrat
inquir
a user
e info
re coo
error
automa
te err
to al
ensiti
R has
the p
It h
ial, s
iities
of ex
ava
simple
ers ca
sue
e I a
no su
n area
h the
rele
the n
he dat
from
e repr
initi
yntax
ase s
prov id
gies
rching
nkage
r. Us
ta in
or an
li of t
earche
e comm
y mod
enter
rmatio
rdinat
recov
tic br
or r ec
low p
ve tut
tri
robl
as f
earc
Bro
wh
peri
Ilab
lis
n s
h as
desc
gges
s a
data
vant
ames
a el
the
esen
ally
and
yste
es e
and
mod
from
ers
eit
I P
he p
s ar
on u
ed
ems
our
hing
wsin
ereb
ence
le
t or
elec
th
ript
ted
nd
ba
an
emen
data
m '3
xamp
tip
e pr
the
can
her
ubli
ubii
e pr
sage
IS
n sy
ed
ery
anch
over
rese
or ia
HEL
stem
with
seg
ing
y in
ntat
1 in
to al-
previ-
modes;
, and
g mode
y any-
, can
public
menu
t gen-
e size
ion of
uses,
disci-
se may
Also
d de-
ts and
base.
a full
a i n i n g
antics
query
Ies o_
s for
ovides
tutor
search
their
c data
c data
ovided
Se-
nvoked
P com-
diag-
tuto-
uences
to the
f orma-
ion of
f orma-
full search
by user
text entered
IftSSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The concept of user ii.teraction
moiiitoring. multi-mode tutoring,
and d feeaback irechaiiism to provide
inaividuai user, and individual REFERENCES
data base information, to the tuto-
rial has been presented. In order Borman. Lorraine; Chalice, Robert;
to interface a diverse user comma- Dillaman, Donald; Dominick,
nity utiiizin>-j a computer network Wayne; and Kobbe, Ruth. RIQS
witn public data bases via sophis- Remote Information SMgry System,
ticated processing systems, it ap- ^Evanston, Til.: Vogelback Com-
pears that such a tnree-way inter- puting Center, Northwestern Uni-
race system must be aaopted. The versity, 1976)
monitor, serving both as a record-
ing device and a feedback mecha- , and Dominick, Wayne. An
nism, can ensure system responsive- analvsis of data captured by^ an
ness to the varying neeas of the iH^eracTion monitor. National
user community; tne tutorial can Science Foun^aEion Grant # DI3
provide file browsing capabilities, 75-19U81, in progress. North-
context-sensitive training, selec- western University, Evanston,
tive inquiry facilities linked to 111.
diagnostics, and internal linkages
to the data base manageEent system Dominick, Wayne and Borman, Lor-
itself. Only by providing such raine. User/System Interfacing
personalized, and necessary, serv- in an Interactive Retrieval,
ices will utilization o* public Statistical and Jraphical Analy-
data bases via time-sharing net- sis Environment. Proceedings of
works reach their full potential. the 5th ASIS Mid-Year Heeting.
VanderEilE University, !Iasn-
ville, TN, May, 1976, pp. 34-49.
EDUCOM. Description of EDUNET.
Bulletin of the Inter- university
Communica'Eions Councirn^EDUCDHf .
TT-T17~FarT7"T975r7
Holmes, D. C. Comauters in Oil
1967-1987. Computer Yearbook
and ^isectory "{2na 113.) Je'd. F.
H. Srille]" "JDalroif: American
Data Processing)
Marcus, R. S.. ; Beuenfeld, A. R,;
and Kugel, P. The User Inter-
face tor the INTREX Retrieval
System. IHtaractiye Biblio-
graahic Searcn (ea. D. 'E.
wallferr THonlvale, NJ: AFIPS
Press, 1971) , 159-201 .
Nickerson, R. S. Man-Computer In-
teraction: A Challenge for Hu-
man factor Research. Ergonomics
12, 4 (July, 1969).
Neumann, A. J. Network User In-
formation Support National Bu-
reau of Standard Tecnnical No^e
BWT. (wasnington , D. c: U. j.
Government Printing Office,
1973) ..
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
THE NETWORK-BASED SCIENTIFIC COHHUNITY ECONOMIC CLIMATE AND SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
Richard C. Roistacher
Center for Advanced Computation
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
ABSTRACT
The effort is made in this paper to identify those elements of the
scientific community requiring computer services; evaluate the economies
of using computing network facilities to satisfy those needs; and to pro-
vide some suggestions as to the substantive advantages of network use.
ECONOMIC CLIMATE
Several
tors make
way to o
search.. T
market has
of talent
universiti
university
trial sett
tutions a
Ph.D.s wit
research,
smaller in
facilities
ganizing
search. S
cient res
institutio
research f
snaring is
such shari
by allowin
research f
basis. H
costs wil
expensive.
social
networki
rganize
he decli
resulte
from th
es into
, govern
mgs.
re now
h first-
Howe ve
stitutio
and a
for the
ince the
ources t
n with a
acilitie
necessa
ng has
g outsid
acilitie
owever,
1 make
and econo
n g an at
scien ti
ning acad
d in a di
e major
a wide va
ment, an
Many smal
staffed b
class tra
r, many
ns lack
tradition
conduct
re are no
o provid
complet
s, some
ry. In t
been acco
ers to u
s on a
increasin
travel ev
mic
trac
ic
emic
sper
rese
riet
d m
1 in
y y
inin
of
rese
of
of
t su
e e
e se
for
he p
mpii
se m
visi
g en
f ac-
tive
re-
job
sion
arch
y of
dus-
sti-
oung
g in
the
arch
or-
re-
ffi-
very
t of
m of
ast ,
shed
a 3or
ting
erg V
more
At
of en
of c
have
and
dropp
years
conti
the e
compu
trave
cilit
acces
small
tions
the
ergy
om pu
been
comp
ing
f a
nue
xten
tati
1 an
ies.
s t
and
sa
has
tati
dec
utat
by
t ren
inde
t t
on
d t
it
o re
ser
me time
increas
on and
lining,
ion cos
one hal
d which
finitely
hat comra
can su
he dupli
is poss
search
vice ori
tnat
ed, t
commu
Commu
ts ha
f eve
is exp
unicat
fastitu
cation
ible t
faciii
ented
the cost
he costs
nication
nication
ve been
ry five
ected to
hus, to
ion and
te for
of fa-
o expand
ties to
institu-
Communication networks and data
bases are natural monopolies; they
function best when a single source
serves the largest possible clien-
tele. Groups of scientific workers
are probably best suited to an en-
vironment of pure competition in
which there are no barriers to the
setting up of new groups. The nec-
essary communication network is al-
ready
rapid
and c
been
satis
numbe
task
commu
ers i
them,
them
they
in p
iy. §
ommerci
estabii
factory
r of cl
in est
nit ies
s to i
f inan
with t
need.
lace a
everai
al da
shed a
servi
ients.
ablish
of sci
nf orm
ce th
he sp
nd is
major
ta arch
nd are
ces to
Thus,
ing net
entif ic
people,
em , an
ecif ic
expanding
university
ives have
providing
a growing
the major
work-based
research-
organize
d provide
resources
ing
stil
new
the
eval
and
and
such
tech
ronm
resu
soci
exte
cien
netw
supp
V e n t h
incr ea
1 an
scien
dissera
uation
govern
instit
thing
n o 1 o g y
ental
It in
al SCI
nt tha
t way
orking
ort.
ougn
singl
ever-
tific
inati
find
ment
ut ion
s as
asse
impa
an i
ence
t net
to CO
wil
reso
y sc
mcr
kno
on
ings
ope
al
prog
ssme
ct
ncre
res
work
nduc
1 re
urces
arce ,
easing
wledge
of res
into
r a t i on
reguir
ram ev
nts.
Stat em
asin
ea
ing is
t such
;ing
trch.
are
th
nee
an
earc
comm
s.
emen
alua
and
ents
dema
T
an
res
fin
grow-
ere is
d for
d for
h and
ercial
Legal
ts ror
tiop. s,
envi-
will
nd for
o the
eff i-
earch.
ancial
USERS OF SCIENIIIIC NETWOMS
In this discussion, users of
scientific networks will be classi-
fied by their relation to the net-
work, rather tnan by job title or
institutional affiliation.
Scientists
A
enti
whos
disc
edge
in u
cies
dust
sibl
of a
prof
but
tion
n ob
fie
e p
over
M
nive
and
ry.
e th
mate
essi
with
s as
viou
rese
rima
y of
OS t
rsit
lab
Net
e s
ur s
onal
out
sci
s cl
arch
r y 1
new
scie
ies,
orat
work
uppo
cien
tr
ins
enti
ientele
net wor
nterest
scien
ntists
gove
ories,
ing als
rt and
tists ,
aining
tit ut 10
sts.
tor
k is
is
tif ic
are e
rnraen
and
o mak
inte
peop
in
nal a
a sci-
people
in the
knowl-
mployed
t agen-
in in-
es pos-
gration
le with
science
ffilia-
- 19 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
Scientist-professional SOCIAL STRUCTURES IN
~ ~ :^ET5DlK£lIiED~5R0UPS
An increasing number of doctoral
level graduates are going directly The physical and computational
into social service and clinical resources required to support a
positions. While many people in scientific network are organized in
such positions are not active prod- a formal fashion, since they are
ucers of research, they are often subject to a host of financial and
avid consumers and critics of sci- legal constraints. However, the
entific research. Scientist- pro- social structure of network-based
fessionals have many interests scientific groups is still not
which are not shared by pure and clear. We have had little experi-
applied scientists, and would prob- ence with forming and operating
ably form their own network, based such groups, and there is no re-
groups.. However, it would be easy guirement for any strict division
to maintain communication between into types. However, it is possi-
groups of scientists and scientist- ble to guess at some types of
professionals when dictated by com- groups which may evolve,
mon interests.
Practitioners
Task Groups
Task groups are network-based
Practioners, as used here, are research projects. Several people
people whose interest is primarily would use the network to coordinate
m the use, rather than in the dis- their joint work on a scientific
covery or analysis ot specific problem. Although task groups
knowledge. A network of profes- would consist of people at differ-
sionals would obviously wish to ent locations and perhaps different
make use of scientific research re- institutions, their research would
suits. Occasionally, groups of probably be funded and operated as
professionals might wish to obtain a joint project,
consulting help trom scientists.
Contacts between networK-based
groups of scientists and groups of
professionals woula probably tend Consortia
to be mediated by institutional fa-
cilities such as librarians and Groups of workers might form
transfer agents, more tban by per- consortia for the purpose of con-
sonal acquaintance. tracting for data. The members of
the consortium would pay for the
data collection and for the estab-
lishment of a common data base, but
Librarians and transfer agents would pursue the independent analy-
sis of their own data.
These are people whose primary
interest is in providing services
to network clients. Reference li-
brarians would be able to act much Invisible colleges
as they do now, but would have bet-
ter access to potential clients and The most obvious form of organi-
better knowledge of current issues. zation, and the one which is pres-
The term "transfer agent" applies ently most common, is the "invisi-
to someone wno would be part organ- ble college." Groups of people
izationax development specialist with common interests use the net-
and part extension agent. The work to exchange messages, manu-
transrer agent would act as refer- scripts, screeds, broadsides, and
ral service, social director, and gossip. People pay their own ex-
spreader of information. Transfer penses and pursue their own inter-
agents will become increasingly ests, using whatever public facili-
necessary as the demand for inform- ties they need. The invisible
ation and the complexity of ir:torm- college forms a ground for recruit-
ation sources both increase. ing members into more formally or-
ganized groups such as task groups
It can be expected that librari- and consortia,
ans and transfer agents, having is-
sues of their own, will form their
own network-based groups.
Network journals
By combining the document proc-
essing, information retrieval, and
communications facilities of a com-
puter network with a system of edi-
20 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol, 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
tors and referees, it is possible Archival analysts
to produce a network-based journal.
Several schemes have been proposed A second clientele for a re-
for the establishment and operation search network is social scientists
of such a journal. One of the most who analyze machine-readable archi-
attractive schemes would allow the val data. Such clients would find
journal to "publish" all submis- access to a network highly reward-
sions, but with the addition of a ing for both research and communi-
referee's score. A network journal cation activities. Since the net-
would allow formal and impersonal work provides data archive and
contact between network clients on computational facilities which are
the basis of evaluated research equivalent to those at a major uni-
findings, rather than personal ac- versity, archival analysts will
quaintance. find tne network's facilities equal
or superior to those of their own
institutions. Archival analysts
shoula find affiliation with a net-
Brain trust work both professionally and so-
cially rewarding.
The ability to send messages to
large groups of people makes possi-
ble the use of an invisible college
as a source of otherwise unobtama- Local firoducers o_f data
ble information. Someone with a
question may begin by asking col- A third category of scientists
leagues or the reference librarian. consists of those who can meet
If all else fails, it is possible their own instrumentation needs
to broadcast a message asking for locally. Instrumentation as used
help with the problem. Not only here includes all those facilities
may someone out there have an an- and activities required to produce
swer, but other people with the data either in machine-readable
same problem may now share the an- form or in form suitable for key
swer. One of the chief tasks of entry. Scientists in this category
transfer agents may be to bid out are able to raise their own rats,
and pass on questions and answers. use their own instruments, or ad-
minister and code their own ques-
tionnaires. Such scientists can
use the network solely as a commu-
OSERS OF A SCIENTIFIC NETWORK nication medium, to analyze their
own data, or to collaborate and
Membership in network-based re- share locally produced data with
search communities, while far bet- others.
ter than isolation and inactivity,
will provide neither for all needs
of scientists nor for the needs of
all scientists. The most obvious Data contractors
shortcoming of scientific networks
is that there is no way that they
can provide direct access to labo- __
ratories and instrumentation. Sci- tists who can contract for data,
entists can be classifiea into five Work of this type requires the ex-
categories with respect to their act specification of data collec-
dependence on instrumentation. tion procedures, but does not nec-
essarily require that the
investigator actually operate the
eguipment. Many physical scien-
Theoret icians tists essentially contract for
data, buying time on such facili-
Some scientists, either mathema- ties as telescopes and nuclar reac-
ticians or theoreticians, require tors. Survey researchers often buy
access only to libraries and col- interview time and questions on na-
leagues. Participation in a net- tional surveys,
work-based community provides them
with a peer group and an audience. Most of today's data contracting
A network-based clientele of theo- facilities are national resources,
reticians would be relatively easy so huge and costly as to be beyond
to support. In fact, social sup- the means of most universities,
port is perhaps the only unique Examples of such facilities are the
service a network would provide to Mt. Palomar telescooe, the Stanford
the unaffiliated theoretician. linear accelerator^ and the Na-
tional Election Survey. It might
be feasible to establish data con-
tracting facilities equivalent to
those at a major university. Such
facilities would provide "contract
A fourth category of potential
network clients consists of scien-
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
data on a scale and at a price Internal funding
affordable by the individual or by
small groups of researchers. Con- Access to networks will be dif-
tract laboratories staffed by re- ficult for those who operate en-
search assistants, technicians, and tirely within institutional budg-
a supervisor would perform experi- ets, without control of their own
ments according to protocols pro- funds. Most universities greet the
vided by remote researchers. While very mention of purchasing external
it is not clear which, if any, computing services with fear and
sorts of research could be pursued loathing. Deans and department
in such a fashion, the feasibility heads do not see why "real" money
of such contract facilities must be should be used to buy computing
investigated. when "free" computing is available
locally. There are no easy answers
ft second way in which scientists to such questions, and the individ-
might successfully contract for ual scientist or faculty member is
data is through the formation of in a poor position to change insti-
consortia. A network-affiliated tutional constraints,
scientist could propose that a
group of researchers jointly sup-
port the costs of contracting for
data, which they could then analyze External funding
jointly or as individuals.
One strategy suitable to exter-
nal funding is to have the sponsor
write a special condition to the
Hands-on experimentalists grant requiring the principal in-
vestigator to nave discretion over
A fifth type of scientist re- where computing money may be spent.
?uires personal access to equipment Another alternative is to have the
ound only in the research labora- funding agency execute a separate
tories of a major university. It is contract with the network facility,
difficult to see how such scien- setting up an account for the re-
tists could use network facilities searcher. The researcher's univer-
for anything other than scientific sity thus never exports any comput-
and social communication. ing' funds because it never imported
any computing funds.
FINANCING
Terminal costs
Computer conferencing
it has a policy of denying faculty
members access to professional
The on line conference not only
None of these things will happen allows for consulting over a net-
unless there is money available to work and for scientific communica-
pay for them. People's major co- tion of a new and powerful kind,
nern is with the acquisition of but also provides a point of access
terminals and with paying for net- to networking. By definition, a
work access. The price of termi- local computing facility cannot
nals has declined precipt iously provide access to a conference tak-
over the last five years. A termi- ing place on a remote computer,
nal which cost about $3000 five Thus, the would-be conference user
years ago can now be bought for cannot be told that the remote site
less than $1000. It is unlikely has no unique facility. Also it
that the decline in the prices of should be difficult for a univer-
terminais will continue to be as sity administration to state that
steep; however, the price of excel-
lent printing terminals is fast ap-
proaching that of ordinary office meetings,
electric typewriters, and will
probably soon be below the cost of There are no easy answers or
present typewriters. Thus, the of- easy predictions as to when net-
rice typewriter of the near future works will grow large enough and
will be nothing more than a com- powerful enough to attract a major
puter terminal lacking communica- rraction of scientists as users,
tions equipment. Turning the of- However, the example of Telenet,
fice typewriter into a terminal growing from five to 85 cities in
will require nothing more than the two years, gives some cause for op-
installation of a one- or two-hun- timism.
dred-dollar communications circuit
board.
- 22 -
IA5SIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
ACTION GROUP REPORTS
The Action Group reports which follow are a result of the Action Group
discussions at the lASSIST Annual Conference, Itasca. Illinois, in Febru-
ary, 1978. Those not appearing in this issue of the Newsletter will be
published in subsequent issues. The Reports are printed as tiled by the
chairpersons of the action groups.
If you would like a copy of the
style manual, contact: Barbara B.
Noble, Center for Advanced Computa-
ACTION IN THE tion. University of Illinois, Ur-
DOCUmEiITATION ACTION bana, IL 61301, telephone (217)
G^OUP 333-3234 before April 1, 1978, or
at Bureau of Social Science Re-
The Documentation Action Group search. Suite 700, 1990 H St. N.H.,
is currently working on two pro- Washington, DC 20036 after April
iects of interest to lASSIST mem- 1.
bers; a study description form and .
a style manual for documentation of Sheldon Laube, Chair
machine readable data.
The study description form has
been under development for some DATA ORGANIZATION AND
time, mostly in Europe, under the ^1111511151 ICTTUN
auspices of the International Fed- 5551?
eration or Data Organizations
(IFDO) . The purpose oi the study The DOM AG met for two sessions
description form is to present in a on Thursday, February 9th at the
standard outline format the essen- meeting held in Itasca. During
tial facts about a machine-readable these sessions the following activ-
data file. The main sections are: ities were carried out:
identification and acknowledgements
(study title, principal investiga- 1. Ms. Nancy Morrison from
tor, data distributor); analysis the University of Illi-
conditions (purpose of study, num- nois has been active in
ber of units and variables, etc.) ; the formation of the new
reanalysis conditions (data condi- SPSS User's Group. Nancy
tion, accessibility, documentation, provided the AG with a
etc.): references to publications; report on the progress of
and Background variables (demo- the User's group. This
graphic and socioeconomic) . Batch report stressed four ma-
and interactive programs in IBM jor points.
OS/360 Assembler Language and PL/1
are available for entering and a) An organizing commit-
printing study descriptions. tee is presently pre-
paring the by-laws for
The style manual for documenta- the group that will
tion of machine-readable data is make it separate from
the product of a research project SPSS, Inc..
undertaken by the University of Il-
linois for the US Department of b) A membership drive is
Justice. The manual is intended to planned for April,
be a general guide for the format 1978. Individuals in-
and contents of user's guides terested in being
(those things we sometimes call placed on the mailing
•'codebooks") for HRDF. The basic list for membership
sections of a user's guide dis- materials should write
cussed are: title page, abstract, to 'As. Nancy Morrison,
project history, processing his- Social Sciences Quan-
tory, codebook, and appendices. titative Laboratory,
Lincoln Hall, Univer-
The Documentation Action Group sity of Illinois, Ur-
and the projects' sponsors are in- bana. 111. 51801.
terested in field testing both the
study description form and the c) The group plans to act
user's guide style manual, and in as a communication ve-
any comments or suggestions. hide among SPSS
users.
For more information about the
study description project contact: d) It will act as a co-
Dr. Elliott M- Avendon, Leisure herent group that can
Studies Data Bank, Waterloo Re- provide input to SPSS,
search Institute, University of Inc.
Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L,
3G1, telephone (519) 885-1211.
- 23 -
IAS5IST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
2. A workshop was conducted
on the treatment of mul-
tiply-punched data. A
round table approach was
employed and individuals
discussed procedures used
by the organizations they
represent. We were for-
tunate to have present
during this session Roald
Buhler of Princeton Uni-
versity. Dr. Buhler dis-
cussed a program (stand
alone) at Princeton that
he uses in conjunction
with P-STAT. In addi-
tion, Mr. William Gjert-
sen of the SA3 Institute
reported that the new
version of SAS will be
capable of handling mul-
ti-punch data. Terry
Stewart of the Leisure
Studies Data Bank, Uni-
versity of Waterloo and
Bill oammell and Gary
Grandon, both from the
University of Connecti-
cut, shared information
on procedures used at
their respective instal-
lations.
3. Dr. Richard Roistacner
reported on the progress
of the Data Inter-cnange
File concept which was
first introduced to the
DOM AG at the first lAS-
SIST North American Work-
ing Conference in Floriaa
last year.
At the Itasca confer-
ence, Dick met with rep-
resentatives of SPSS,
SAS, P-STAT, OSIBIS III,
OSIRIS IV and TPL. Tne
outcome of this meeting
was that everyone was in
agreement that the time
had come for an inter-
cnange file prototype to
be developed and tae ac-
tual coding should start
in the near future. In
addition, a national on-
line conference will be
set up this spring to
keep the discussion of
the interchange file ac-
tive. Future develop-
ments on this subject
will be reported in lAS-
SIST newsletters.
H. There was an active dis-
cussion on the effective-
ness of the DOM AG m its
present format. Those of
us who have been with
this action group since
its inception have become
increasingly distressed
with our inability to
achieve a high level or
activity on all the items
in our AG mandate (see
Newsletter Vol. 1, No. 1)
We have experienced
considerable success in
providing a form for the
transfer of information
and informal training.
Unfortunately, the larger
task of investigating and
evaluating "existing pro-
cedures for data and
documentation preparation
and data management soft-
ware and hardware capa-
bilities" has only been
marginally attended to.
Some of the reasons of-
fered for this problem
were lack of time to-
gether and resources,
over ambitious expecta-
tions, and an overlapping
ot interests with other
AG's. Whatever the rea-
son, it aopears that tnis
is a point of discussion
that should involve all
interested parties. You
are encouraged to provide
input to Bill Gammell,
Box U-164, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Con-
necticut. 06268
On the brighter side of
things, Alice Bobbin (DAD
A3) reported to us that
our group supplied 5 of
the 9 abstracts received
for portions
to Providing
ence Data
Please refer
AG report in this issue
for aetails concerning
this project.
William Gammell, Chair
ACTION GROUP ON PROCESS-
?RDXUC1D~MTI
Priority; #J
we wound up discussions on our
highest priority project, the Di-
rectory of Directories (D of D's).
Satisfied that we published a good
start of the American list, (News-
letter Vol. 1, No. 4) , we turned
our discussions to the Canadian
list. It was agreed the best wav
to proceed would be to tap the re-
sources of the Data Clearinghouse.
We estimate that some information
will be ready by March 31 and will
be published m the forthcoming
June issue of the Newsletter™ This
would be appended by addenda to the
American list. This addenda will
be additional listings of directo-
of A guide
Social Sci-
Service.
to the DAD
24 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
ries, and another
announcements and b
are published separa
rectories. What im
to mind was announcem
publicaly available
Statistical Reporter,
Register, the Data
and others. When t
ject is printed once
It were) the action
tempt to edit a comp
which can be updated
basis after that,
elements for each ent
Vol. 1 No. 3 p. 13) w
ered in that final ed
vision this to be co
the projected next N
meeting in Ottawa, Ma
is later than our pr
cation for the Upp
However, absences tr
conference and oth
have retarded our pr
assessment of Priorit
all along that it wa
to be mastered and 1
be significant. On
have been successful
catagory of
ulletins that
tely from di-
mediately came
ents of recent
data in the
the Federal
Clearinghouse ,
he entire pro-
(by stages as
group will at-
lete D of D's,
on a yearly
The essential
ry (Newsletter
ill Ee consid-
ition. We en-
mpleted before
orth American
y 1979. This
ojected publi-
sula meeting,
om the Itasca
er exigencies
ogress. Our
y #1 has been
s small enough
arge enough to
that count, we
Priorities #2 and ±3
Regarding our second priority.
An Inventory of Existing Guide-
lines, etc., and our third priority
project. An Inventory of Proce-
dures, etc. (Newsletter Vol. 1 Nr.
2 pp. 14-15) we aeciSed to divide
into subcommittees as follows: Don
Harrison will begin to bring to-
gether into one package a discus-
sion of the guidelines and proce-
dures existing today in the united
States Federal government both in
the National Archives and in those
Federal agencies that create
HRDF's. Tony Falsetto will bring
together a similar document for the
Canadian Federal government. Char-
lotte Bochan and Harriet Dhanak
will form a subcommittee to explore
a number of alternatives necessary
to proceed with institutions in the
private sector. The larger corpo-
rations such as Hand and ATST might
provide a basis for a representa-
tive sampling of guidelines and
procedures. Smaller corporations
might also be gueried but might not
provide such a return. United
States state governments and Cana-
dian provincial governments, while
still on the threshold of creating
and servicing MRDF's will also be
significant. A projected telephone
survey by the Society of American
Archivists, when completed, might
add to this and other projects by
PPDAG.
look i
subcom
the W
area w
these
f reque
bers i
beth P
newest
Subcom
back t
Don Harris
nto this sur
mittee compos
ashington ,
ill attempt
concepts
nt local meet
nclude Don H
owell, Himi
memfcer, De
mittee repor
o Don by Frid
on
vey.
ed o
DC
to
tog
ings
arri
Scha
bbie
ts
ay M
was asked to
Also, a
f members in
metropolitan
tie some of
ether with
. These mem-
son, Eliza-
de, and our
Pomerance.
will be due
arch 31.
This project cannot be initiated
before projects #2 and #3 are com-
plete. Therefore, no progress was
reported.
Iliter^Action Grou£ Cooperation
PPD
e Do
e a
ript
lope
r of
rev
th n
ovid
on
oble
is s
nth.
AG w
cume
ppli
ion
d b
PP
lew
on-s
e f e
AG
ms i
houl
ill
ntat
cati
form
sev
AG w
the
urve
edba
rega
n it
d be
provide
ion Acti
on of th
which h
eral memb
ill work
form for
y data,
ck to th
rding an
s applica
complete
feedb
on Gr
e stu
as b
ers.
with
gene
We wi
e doc
y. po
lion
d in
ack to
oup on
dy de-
een de-
A mem-
this AG
ral use
11 also
umenta-
tential
to PPD.
about a
Deaccessioninq PPD
Duri
asca me
f led a
ters d
without
researc
agreed
the abs
tuted a
Ke will
Newslet
problem
critiqu
sion at
ng th(
eting,
ser ioi
eacces
cons;
Vi
to wc
ence
ction
prei
ter tl
and
es in
the (
works
part
pro
ionin
erati
ue.
k on
f a
roup
re so
t wi
all f
repar
tawa
hops
icip
blem
g un
on
Do
this
form
for
meth
11 i
or
at io
meet
of
ants
, da
ique
of po
n H
pro
ally
acqui
ing
denti
comme
n for
ing.
the It-
identi-
ta cen-
HRDF's
tential
arrison
ject in
consti-
sition.
for t he
the
nts and
a ses-
Glossary
- 25
IRSSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
NEWS AND NOTES
Under the revised format of the Newsletter this section will include
notices on a wide variety of topics. First, of course, will be organiza-
tional information dealing with IftSSIST. Other standard features will
consist of upcoming conferences and meetings; reports of organizations of
interest to lASSIST members; and educational and/or research opportuni-
ties. The editor would welcome any additional suggestions concerning
this section and will include information members would like to have
available or make available to others.
the absolute has not been realized.
The current format allows new mem-
bers of IASSIST to belong to an Ac-
lASSIST NEWS tion Group immediately upon entry
into the organization. This format
Chairperson^ Report, February does not readily facilitate prog-
151X7 "T'gTB ress on the designated products.
Sharon Henry, Canadian Secretariat,
The second North American IAS- has been asRed to review the action
SIST Conference took place on Feb- group format and provide some al-
ruary 8-11, 1978, at the Carson ternative approaches. Individuals
Inn, Itasca, Illinois. "State of interested in this activity should
the art; Perspectives" was the address comments to her.
theme of the conference. The mem-
bers of the program committee, Tony During the business meeting in
Falsetto, Public Archives of Can- Itasca a motion was made and passed
ada; Sheldon Laube, C. M. Leinwond to create the position of Arcni-
Associates; Richard Roistacher. vist/Recorder for lASSIST. This
Oniversity of Illinois; and PatricK position would be responsible for
Bova, National Opinion Research the preservation of the records of
Center, are to be commended for lASSIST including all reports, pa-
their efforts which made this meet- pers, and other designated docu-
ing a success. Richard Roistacher, ments. An appointment to this pos-
with the assistance of Barbara No- ition will be made in the near
ble. University of Illinois, did an future,
exceptionally fine job of nandiing
the local arrangements. James Da- Perhaps of greatest immediate
vis, Harvard University sociolo- organizational significance of all
Eist, was the guest speaker at the the actions taken in Itasca was the
anguet. creation of a Nominations and Elec-
tions Committee to handle the elec-
The conference was organized tion procedures for members of the
around seven formal panels and ses- lASSIST Steering Committee. The
sions of lASSIST Action Groups. Committee is composed of Elliott
Panel topics included the follow- Avedon, University of Waterloo;
ing: Documentation: Privacy versus Nancy Carmichael, U. S. Social Sci-
Freedom of Information; Software ence Research Council; and Ekkehard
and Analysis Techniques for Non- Mochmann, University of Cologne,
rectangular Files; Alternative Or- The Committee met several times
ganizational Arrangements for Data during the Itasca Conference and
Access; Network Environments; Ac- through those meetings it became
quisition and Preservation; and clear that some revisions to the
Networking Products and Services. constitution were necessary. The
The papers presented during the appropriate revisions and election
panels will be made available in procedures are presented in a sepa-
the form of published proceedings rate insert to this Newsletter.
and a selection of the papers will Special attention was given €o geo-
be featured in the lASSIST Neuslet- graphical distribution of the msm-
ter, now under the editorship of bership to assure adequate repre-
THomas Wm. Madron, Western Kentucky sentation.
University. Seventy-five individu-
als attended the meeting. A list Carolyn Geda, Chairperson
of participants is available
through Judith Rowe, U. S. Secre-
1979 North American lASSIST
One of the developments at the ConTerence
Itasca Conference was some discus-
sion concerning the role of the Ac- The 1979 North American lASSIST
tion Groups, which in turn is stim- Conference is scheduled for Ottawa,
ulating further review. Orginally Canada, during May, 1979. As plans
the action groups developed with for the meeting are developed, !:ur-
"products" as the objectives, but ther information will be published
- 25 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
in the Newsletter. In the associations. U. S. delegates
meantime, STiaron "Henry, Canadian should contact:
Secretariat, can furnish material ,„,....
concerning the planning of the con- Group Travel. Dniimited, Inc.
fprpnrp 1025 Connecticut Avenue, NW
leLence. Washington, D. C. 20036
Telephone: (202) 659-9555
IASSIST Euro£e Canadian delegates should contact:
The IASSIST Conference to be Ms. Jan Buchanan, Manager
held in conjunction with the Inter- Convention Services
national Sociological Association P. Lawson Travel
Congress at Uppsala, Sweden, will Suite 1415-2
take place on Wednesday and Thurs- Carlton Street
day, August 16-17, 1978. Action Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 K2
Group meetings are scheduled for
the afternoons and the panels are A special mailing to lASSIST mem-
scheduled for the evenings, bers is scheduled concerning the
8:30-11:00 p.m. conference.
Three panels are scheduled and
include the following: "Issues in
Comparative Data and Research," El- ORGANIZATIONAL REPORTS
liott Avedon, Department of Recrea-
tion, University of Waterloo, MISIST/Social Science Information
Waterloo, Canada, Chair; "Researcn
Problems Associated with Complex The following report was re-
Data Bases," John DeVries, Depart- ceived from Fred Riggs, a member of
ment of Sociology, Carleton Univer- lASSIST and UNISIST, describing the
sity, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIS November, 1977 Pans meeting (see
5B6, Chair: and "Privary versus Newsletter, 1, 4, 41-42, for fur-
Freeedom of Information," Guido EKer information concerning ONI-
' ■ ' ' ' - -----itte- --
Martinotti, Archivio dati e pro- SIST) of the Ad Hoc Committee or
grammi per le scienze sociali, via Social Science Information.
G. Cantoni 4, 20144 Milan, Italy,
Chair. Individuals interested m The purpose of the Ad Hoc Corn-
presenting a paper should contact mittee is to advise the UNESCO Di-
the appropriate chairperson. Pa- vision and UNISIST on how best to
pers may also be presented at ac— link the interests of the social
tion group meetings. Abstracts for science community with those of the
Action Group papers shouia be sub- natural science and engineering
mitted to the appropriate Action communites for whom UNISIST was
Group Coordinator or Regional Sec- orijinaly designed. Two North
retariat, Americans were invited to attend
this meeting: Professor Jerome
The European lASSIST conference Clubb, executive director of the
is being held in conjunction with Inter-university Consortium for Po-
the meeting of the International litical and Social Research (Ann
Sociological Assocation and in or- Arbor) and executive secretary of
der to attend the World Congress of the Social Science History Associa-
Sociology the registra- tion; and Ms. Sharon Henry, execu-
tion/reservation form found else- tive director of the Candaian
where in this Newsletter must be Clearinghouse for Social Science
completed and includ'e advance pay- Data and Secretary for the Canadian
ment of registration fees. The fee chapter of IASSIST.
before April 30, 1978, is $65
(U.S.) for ISA members and $80 for
non-members. Fees cover access to
all Congress sessions and exhibits. Regional Database
the printed Congress Program, the CartograpEy
printed book or abstracts of Con-
gress papers, and a list of partic- A number of European research
ipants. workers active in the analysis of
regional problems met in Bergen-
All accommodations in Uppsala Norway, November 7-3, 1977, with
will be reserved for ISA partici- the representatives of data serv-
pants. Therefore, in order to se- ices and centers of cartography to
cure reservations, the accomoda- discuss the possibility for joint
tions section of the reservation European action to link databases
form must be completed. A copy of and facilities for computer map-
this form shouia also be sent to ping. The meeting was organized by
your regional lASSIST Secretariat. the Norwegian Social Science data
ISA is not organizing any charters Services, financed by the Norwegian
to Uppsala but is leaving this to Research Council and sponsored by
the national sociological
- 27 -
I^SSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
the Social Sciences Committee of research. The training session is
the European Science Foundation. directed toward graduate students
and junior faculty. Those inter-
There was broad agreement on ested in attending should apply be-
goals and objectives thought impor- fore Hay 1, 1978 to:
rant by the group and the attendees
agreed to seek support for the or- Bjorn Henrichsen
ganization of two pilot projects Executive Director
during 1978-79. Papers on the pi- NSD
lot projects will be circulated be- Chr istiesgate 15-19
fore the next meeting of the Group, N-5014 BERGEN-UNIV.
possibly in the summer of 1978. Bergen, Norway
EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH SSRC (Britain) Visitinq Fellowship,
~ OPPOITTU'RITIE^ UHzll
Micro Data Collection Methods in The Survey Archive invites ap-
Economics plications to its Visiting Fellow-
ship program for 1978-79, from so-
An introductory course in li- cial scientists interested in
brary management of numerical ma- undertaking either substantive or
chine readable data files designed methodological research based on
to meet the interests and present the Archive's holdings. While di-
and future needs of librarians, in- rect monetary compensation is iim-
formation specialists, and social ited, computer resources and office
scientists, will be held Hay space are provided by the fellow-
30-June 16, 1978, at the University ship. Applications, with a dead-
of Wisconsin-Madison. line of March 31, 1978, and a cur-
riculum vitae should he addressed
Course objectives are to in- to:
crease awareness and knowledge of
machine readable data through expo- The Director
sure to protessionals working with SSRC Survey Archive
large data bases, data base manage- University of Essex
ment, social science research, and Wivenhoe Park
data library and archive organiza- Colchester, Essex
tion and management; to instruct in
the latest techniques tor dealing
with this medium; and to provide
practical experience within a real ICPSR Summer Program
data library and computer environ-
ment. The 1978 Inter-university Con-
sortium for Political and Social
Advance registration is required Research has announced its summer
and should be completed prior to program. At least three sessions
April 15, 1978. Additional inform- should be of special interest to
ation and application forms may be lASSIST members:
acquired from:
1. Workshop on Management,
Alice Bobbin or Al Schubert Library Control and Use
Data S Computation Center of Computer Readable In-
UU52 Social Sciance Building formation.
UW-Hadison
Hadison, WI 53706 2. Small Computer System
Phone: (608) 262-7962 Hardware and Software.
3. Database Management for
Complex Social and His-
Norweqian Social Science Data torical Data.
Services
In addition, there will be two spe-
The Norwegian Social Science cial workshops dealing with crimi-
Data Services will organize a nai justice data, one of which will
training course to test a set of be directed toward data processing
teaching materials based on survey and data management problems in the
data. The course will be held from field. For further information
June 18 through the 24th, 1978. contact:
The course will be based on a
cross-national data package devel- Summer Program
oped within the program of the In- ICPSR
ternational Social Science Council, P. 0. Box 1248
as well as a set of Norwegian sur- Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
vey data prepared within the na- Telephone: (313) 764-2570
tional program of electoral
- 28 -
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
POSITION ANNOUNCEHENIS
Programmer /Analyst
The Roper Center at Yale Univer-
sity has acnounced an opening for a
computer programmer/analyst. A De-
gree is preferred but not required.
The position requires a person with
several years or experience. A re-
sume along with a letter of intent
should be sent as soon as possible
to:
Donald R. DeLuca
P. 0. Box 1732, Yale Station
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut 06520
An equal opportunity employer.
^^ „!21!S,. REGISTRATION
^^ "•^r' FORM
^y sociology
^^^ ^ 9th World Congraat ol Sociology
m'^. c/o HESO CongroM S«rvlce
..^"■S.___ S-105 !4Slool.holm,S..a.n
p,„„ ^^ ^ ^„
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RECISTBATION
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U^^sist
^-— -^ MEMBERSHIP
APPLICATION
HAKE
HAlllNG ADDRESS
IKSTlTiniONAL AFFILIATIOM
TELEPHONE NUHBER
Membership fees for calendar year 1977
Individual: Regular SIS Student
SS
Institutional (two individual meoibershipsl:
S35
Charter Individual Menbership (three years}-
SIOD
Institutional Subscription: SJS
PayTwnt Enclosed (amount)
0 .ASSIST, send payment to:
Malie check or money order payable
E!E°ir/T"
z:r'"""'"
following action groups:
DATA ARCHIVE REGISTRY
DATA ORliANIZflTION AND MANAGEMENT
DATA ARCHIVE DEVELOPHENI
CLASSIFICATION
DATA ACQUISITIOf:
DOCUMENTATION
PROCESS-PRODUCED DATA
Membership in the lASSIST includes a subscrip
tipn to the lASSISI Newsletter and a
bership^affords the opportunity t. participat
I applied for membership in lASSIST Dues paid (arount) Date
- 29
lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1978)
lASSIST STEERING COMMITTEE
Carolyn Geda, CHAIRPERSON, later-u-
niversity Consortium for Politi-
cal and social Research, P. 0.
Box 12i<8, University of Michi-
gan, Ann Arbor, Michigan U8106.
Ed Hanis, TKEASDRER, Social Science
Computing Laboratory, University
of western Ontario, London, On-
tario, Canada.
Manuel Mora y Araujo, SOUTH AND
CENTRAL AMERICAN SECRETARIAT,
Centro de Investigaciones Soc-
iales, Instituto lorcuato Di
Telia, 11 de Septembre 2139 1428
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Sharon Chappie Henry, CANADIAN SEC-
RETARIAT, Data Clearing House
for the Social Sciences, 151
Slater, Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5N 1
Canada
Naresh Nijhawan, ASIAN SECRETARIAT,
Indian Council of Social Science
Research, Data Archive, 35, Fer-
ozshah Road, New Deihi-11001,
India
Per Nielsen, WEST EUROPEAN SECRE-
TARIAT, Dansk Data Arkiv, H. C.
Andersens Boulevard 38 mezz. ,
DK-1553 Kovenhavn V., Denmark
Krzysztof Ostrowski, EAST EUROPEAN
SECRETARIAT, Komitet Nauk Poli-
tycznych, PAN, Sekcjz Przetwar-
zania i Archiwizacji Danych,
skrytka pocztowa 12, "" ""
Warszawa
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